14.9. Compound bridi

So far we have seen how to handle two sentences that need have no similarity at all (bridi connection) and sentences that are identical except for a difference in one sumti (sumti connection). It would seem natural to ask how to logically connect sentences that are identical except for having different selbri.

Surprise! Lojban provides no logical connective that is designed to handle selbri and nothing else. Instead, selbri connection is provided as part of a more general-purpose mechanism called compound bridi. Compound bridi result from logically connecting sentences that differ in their selbri and possibly some of their sumti.

The simplest cases result when the x1 sumti is the only common point:

Example 14.49. 

mi klama le zarci .ije mi nelci la djan.
I go-to the market, and I like that-named John.

is equivalent in meaning to the compound bridi:

Example 14.50. 

mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan.
I go-to the market and like that-named John.

As Example 14.50 indicates, giheks are used in afterthought to create compound bridi; gi'e is the gihek corresponding to and. The actual phrases klama le zarci and nelci la djan. that the gihek connects are known as bridi-tails, because they represent (in this use) the tail end of a bridi, including the selbri and any following sumti, but excluding any sumti that precede the selbri:

Example 14.51. 

mi ricfu gi'e klama le zarci
I am-rich and go-to the market.

In Example 14.51, the first bridi-tail is ricfu, a simple selbri, and the second bridi-tail is klama le zarci, a selbri with one following sumti.

Suppose that more than a single sumti is identical between the two sentences:

Example 14.52. 

mi dunda le cukta do .ije mi lebna lo rupnu do
I give the book to-you, and I take some currency-units from-you.

In Example 14.52, the first and last sumti of each bridi are identical; the selbri and the second sumti are different. By moving the final sumti to the beginning, a form analogous to Example 14.50 can be achieved:

Example 14.53. 

fi do fa mi dunda le cukta
to/from you I give the book
gi'e lebna lo rupnu
and take some currency-units.

where the fi does not have an exact English translation because it merely places do in the third place of both lebna and dunda. However, a form that preserves natural sumti order also exists in Lojban. Giheks connect two bridi-tails, but also allow sumti to be added following the bridi-tail. These sumti are known as tail-terms, and apply to both bridi. The straightforward gihek version of Example 14.52 therefore is:

Example 14.54. 

mi dunda le cukta gi'e lebna lo rupnu vau do
I (give the book) and (take some currency-units) to/from-you.

The vau (of selma'o VAU) serves to separate the bridi-tail from the tail-terms. Every bridi-tail is terminated by an elidable vau, but only in connection with compound bridi is it ever necessary to express this vau. Thus:

Example 14.55. 

mi klama le zarci [vau]
I go-to the market.

has a single elided vau, and Example 14.50 is equivalent to:

Example 14.56. 

mi klama le zarci [vau] gi'e nelci la djan. [vau] [vau]


where the double vau at the end of Example 14.56 terminates both the right-hand bridi-tail and the unexpressed tail-terms.

A final use of giheks is to combine bridi-tails used as complete sentences, the Lojban observative:

Example 14.57. 

klama le zarci gi'e dzukla le briju
A-goer to-the market and a-walker to-the office.

Since x1 is omitted in both of the bridi underlying Example 14.57, this compound bridi does not necessarily imply that the goer and the walker are the same. Only the presence of an explicit x1 (other than zo'e, which is equivalent to omission) can force the goer and the walker to be identical.

A strong argument for this convention is provided by analysis of the following example:

Example 14.58. 

klama la nu,IORK.
A-goer to-that-named New-York
la finyks.
from-that-named Phoenix
gi'e klama la nu,IORK.
and a-goer to-that-named New-York
la rom.
from-that-named Rome.

If the rule were that the x1 places of the two underlying bridi were considered identical, then (since there is nothing special about x1), the unspecified x4 (route) and x5 (means) places would also have to be the same, leading to the absurd result that the route from Phoenix to New York is the same as the route from Rome to New York. Inserting da, meaning roughly something, into the x1 place cures the problem:

Example 14.59. 

da klama la nu,IORK. la finyks.
Something is-a-goer to-that-named New-York from-that-named Phoenix
gi'e klama la nu,IORK. la rom.
and is-a-goer to-that-named New-York from-that-named Rome.

The syntax of giheks is:

[na] [se] GIhA [nai]

which is exactly parallel to the syntax of eks.