Lesson 10 panomoi seltadni Lojban Numbers lojbo namcu Lojban numbers are significantly different from English numbers. These differences are summarized as: - Lojban numbers are expressed as a string of numerals that is read off in order; - while Lojban numbers do not change form depending on where they are used, cmavo must often be used with numbers to make the numbers fit grammatically into bridi sentences unambiguously; - there are many non-numerical quantifiers in Lojban, cmavo that are not 'numbers' per se in English, but which can act either like numerals or numbers in Lojban. Lojban allows representation of numbers with numerals just as in English: "345" still represents the same number as "three-hundred and forty-five", or in Lojban "civomu". No position is taken on the occasionally controversial questions of whether to put slashes through zeroes to keep them separate from the letter 'O' or vice versa, or whether to use the European technique of crossing the handwritten numeral '7' so it doesn't get confused with '1'. Use whatever of these conventions you are comfortable with. You will just use a different 'word' to express the string of numerals when you speak Lojban. First, let us present the ten basic Lojban numerals: pa 1 xa 6 re 2 ze 7 ci 3 bi 8 vo 4 so 9 mu 5 no 0 Some things to note that will help you memorize them: - each of the 10 basic numerals is a CV-form cmavo; - each numeral starts with a different letter of the alphabet; - where the final vowel is the same, there is a sharp contrast between the way you say the consonants, so that each numeral sounds clearly different from the others; - with the exception of 0, which has an obvious cognate in English, the vowel in the successive numerals occurs alphabetically in order: a, e, i, o, u, and then repeating. Lojban numbers are read off as strings of numerals, each representing a digit of the number as it is written. You can thus practice the numerals by reading the two numbers: "12345" and "67890": 12345 parecivomu /pah,reh,shee,voh,moo/ 67890 xazebisono /khah,zeh,bee,soh,noh/ Practice saying these two numbers with your instructor or the tape. Because each of the numerals is a separate word, a cmavo, you can use any desired stress you like on each digit. You can even pause between digits, reading slowly. The result is still one number. 10.1 On boi me zo boi Since a pause does not break-up or terminate a number, some other verbal signal is needed. When you just said those two numbers, we didn't specify such a terminator, so what you really said was '1234567890'. Given the importance of numbers in our modern times, this is an error you don't want to make. So how do you separate numbers? One way is to terminate them with the cmavo "boi". "boi" is always permitted at the end of a string of digits and means specifically that it is the end of that string, which may then be treated as a single number. Thus, we should have told you to say: parecivomuboi xazebisono[boi] The final "boi" is optional if you are not following with another number. In fact, "boi" is optional when followed with almost anything other than a numeral. Like "vau", "boi" is said to be 'elidable' in these cases. "boi" is permitted, and may help make your speech clearer in some cases, but it is not mandatory except where another number follows (or something that might be considered part of the first number). You can thus express "the three doors" as either "le ciboi vorme ku" or "le ci vorme ku". 10.2 Stress in Number Strings namcu valsi terbasna We said that stress is entirely free in numeral strings. This is actually true in any strings of cmavo. You can stress any syllable you wish. You may choose to use da'amoi terbasna as for brivla; this will give an extremely regular rhythm to your speech. Other Lojbanists like first-syllable terbasna (stress) to more clearly separate cmavo from brivla in their speech. Or you can be irregular - no pattern is required. If you choose final-syllable terbasna on a string of cmavo before a brivla, you must beware and make one other adjustment: you must pause before the brivla. A stressed syllable before a brivla can be absorbed into that brivla, affecting the stress patterns and causing words to divide up incorrectly. The pause, even if as short as a glottal stop, ensures that the stressed cmavo remains a separate word, and the morphology rules cause everything to break up correctly. Final-syllable terbasna of the last example would thus be pronounced as: /leh,SHEE.VOR,meh/ or /leh,shee,BOI.VOR,meh/. 10.3 Number Description namcu selgadri While "boi" does mark a number, the fact that it is elidable makes it unsuitable for many uses where you want to indicate that a string of numerals is indeed a number. One of these uses is when you want to express a number as a sumti. In this case, you need the sumti description cmavo "li" to mark the number as a sumti. "li" translates as "the number '...' ". We thus get the sentence: li soxa [boi] cu namcu The number '96' is-a-number. which is trite but grammatical. (For the rest of this lesson, we will omit the normally elidable marker "boi" unless it is particularly relevant to the discussion or is grammatically required.) 10.4 Counting nu kantu When we count, we don't want to read off a long string of numerals - that would be expressing one number, not several consecutive ones. It is possibly acceptable to read them off separated by "boi" - you will indeed have read off a string of numbers. This is not defined as a grammatical expression, however. Instead, when expressing a list of numbers (whether for counting or for other purposes), it is preferable to mark each number as a sumti with "li", and then to read off the 'counting' as a string of sumti. This is grammatical and will be particularly useful when we learn to express such a list of numbers as a mathematical 'set'. Therefore, you can count as follows: li pa li re li ci li vo li mu li xa li ze li bi li so li pano li papa li pare li paci ... or with "boi": li paboi li reboi li ciboi li voboi li muboi li xaboi li zeboi li biboi li soboi li panoboi li papaboi li pareboi li paciboi ... You can also count with each number into a separate 'sentence' using ".i" instead of marking each number as a sumti; in this case the counting is more visible: pa .i re .i ci .i vo .i mu .i xa .i ze .i bi .i so .i pano .i papa .i pare .i paci ... The mandatory pauses, of course, tend to break up the rhythm. Using ".i", you also have the option of putting "li" and/or "boi" in each separate 'sentence' as well. 10.5 Numbers As Names namcu cmene You can also express numbers as the basis for names, just as we can talk about "the One" in English. In English, number names usually express a respectful or even religious form of address (although, in Casey at the Bat, there is the "Mudville Nine"). There is, however, no culturally- based interpretation required for a Lojban number-based name. For example, a Lojban phrasing of "The Three Musketeers" would probably be expressed as "the Three, who are the Musketeers", or even "the Three, who wield swords together". Number names, like other names, must end in a consonant. Like many other Lojban words, we can choose which consonant by using the rafsi assigned to each numeral. la pav. 1, the One la xav. 6, the Six la rel. 2, the Two la zel. 7, the Seven la cib. 3, the Three la biv. 8, the Eight la von. 4, the Four la son. 9, the Nine la mum. 5, the Five la non. 0, the Zero, the None For numbers of more then one digit, we usually only put the rafsi consonant in for the last digit, although this is a matter of personal choice (as are all names): la zexav. 76, the Seventy-Six la zelxav. 76, the Seventy-Six Note that a schwa must be inserted if building number names from rafsi results in two impermissible medial consonants being together, as listed in Section III of the morphology Synopsis: la cison. 39, the Thirty-Nine la cibyson. 39, the Thirty-Nine The irregular extra syllable is one obvious reason why we usually prefer to add only the single rafsi consonant at the end. Number names can be useful in reading strings of numbers in a 'noisy environment', such as when pilots talk on radio. Just as English speakers use 'Niner' for '9' in such environments, the "la", the extra consonant and the pause after the name, all serve to make it a bit easier to make out the digits: la zel. non. cib. .i la cib. biv. mum. .i la non. rel. zel. cib. is the way we might express the telephone number of la lojbangirz. (703-385-0273), with the extra ".i"s thrown in at the standard breaks to aid a listener. If you try to say this, properly including the pauses, you will notice that each digit is quite distinct. When the number cmavo are combined with the words for "month", "day", "hour", and "year", the result can be modified into names which are very useful. The Lojban words for the days of the week, for example, are names which literally mean "One-Day", "Two-Day", etc. through "Seven- Day": la padjed. la redjed. la cidjed. la vodjed. la mudjed. la xadjed. la zedjed. Similarly the months of the year start with "la pamast." (/lah,PAH,mahst./), and the hours of the day start with "la pacac." (/lah,PAH,shahsh./). In the latter case, when we want to distinguish 'A.M.' from 'P.M.', we can append the rafsi for "early" and "late" as a 'surname': "la pacac. lir." vs. "la pacac. lec.". (We could have combined them into a single name, but this would change the da'amoi terbasna, and the short form of the name wouldn't sound like the long form.) See the tables at the end of this lesson for listings of names for commonly used calendar and time numbers based on this approach. For names of years, we have to use multiple digits in the name; the year this book is first published being: "la pasobisonan." (/lah,pah,so,bee,SO,nahn./ = "The Nineteen-Eighty-Nine Year"). With longer strings of numbers like this, remember that you cannot pause in the middle or the name breaks up into two words. (You could add in a consonant at the break so that each part ends in a consonant, but this would be difficult to remember, when the reason you are pausing is probably for a breath. Thus, you probably would not express the la lojbangirz. telephone number as: la zenocicibimunorezecib. Even with no markers for the hyphens (which we'll get to in a moment) to lengthen the name, you are unlikely to say it both clearly and without a pause. Names do not solve all problems of expressing numbers. They are, like many other words, ambiguous in meaning. Thus, "la padjed." could refer to the first day of the month or the first day of the year (for those such as banks who use a date system which counts from the beginning of one year to the end without resetting to 1 at the start of each new month) instead of to the first day of the week. These problems could be resolved by using different rafsi forms for "djedi", which represents the concept of "day", or by adding rafsi for "month" or "year" into the name: la pama'idjed. la pana'adjed. The latter is also a good word for the name "New Years' Day". (There is also the problem of whether to consider Sunday or Monday the first day of the week. This is probably an inherently cultural question, since there are cultures that use 'weeks' other than 7 days long, or which start the week on different days. Some convention must be chosen, and this text uses the calendar and Judeo-Christian convention that labels Saturday as the 7th day (Sabbath). Sunday is the more common Christian 'Sabbath' due to a papal decree setting the 'Sabbath' as the first day of the week, which is Sunday.) There are other ways to express things like the year, month, day, hour, or other numbered unit, which do not require the use of names. Some of these, which will be presented in various lessons to follow, might be more appropriate than names for solving such problems in number expression. 10.6 Some Extra Digits terjmina namcu valsi In discussing names for months and hours, we did not discuss one critical point: there are twelve months, and twelve (or twenty-four, depending on how you choose to tell time) named hours. The decimal base system used for ordinary counting doesn't work too well for dates. This should be obvious to anyone who has tried to subtract dates in 'date arithmetic'. Months of the year are best expressed using a modified base-12 numbering (with digits for '1' through '12'). For those unfamiliar with other base counting systems, this means that a special single digit is used for each of the concepts of '10', '11', and '12', rather than writing them as two digits based on 'tens' and 'ones'. Computer programmers, who deal often with base-16 (hexadecimal) numbers, came up with the idea of using the letters 'A' thru 'F' for these extra digits. This can cause confusion, since letters often stand for many other things as well. Lojban doesn't deal with the question of what symbol to use for these extra digits. It does, however, assign a unique cmavo to each of the six extra digits needed to express numbers in base- 16. Twelve hour clocks need to use three of these 'digits' to refer to the three hour-names after 9:00. A line had to be drawn as to how many numeral words could be assigned to cmavo, so a 24- hour clock must use a different method, as described below. You don't use these digits when expressing regular base-10 numbers; they are used only when dealing with larger bases. The number 'ten' in normal decimal expression is thus "li pano". The extra digits that have been assigned are: dau 10 or A cmavo for the digit '10' in a number base greater than 10 fei 11 or B cmavo for the digit '11' in a number base greater than 11 gai 12 or C cmavo for the digit '12' in a number base greater than 12 jau 13 or D cmavo for the digit '13' in a number base greater than 13 rei 14 or E cmavo for the digit '14' in a number base greater than 14 vai 15 or F cmavo for the digit '15' in a number base greater than 15 Note the following to help you learn these: - all are CVV-form cmavo, unlike the CV-form cmavo used for the other digits; - the initial consonants are in alphabetical order; - the vowels are all VV diphthongs, and follow the order pattern 'au', 'ei', 'ai', repeated twice; - the first four of these consonants are not used for other numeral cmavo. (It proved to be impossible to do this for the other two numerals while retaining the other patterns of alphabetical order and repeated diphthong patterns.) Thus, we express the last three months of the year in Lojban as: la daumast. la feimast. la gaimast. The 24-hour clock can't use unique numeral cmavo for each hour, so we must fall back to decimal numbering. You who learn Lojban will be the ones to make decisions on which of the many possible ways to express numerical concepts you will use. For example, in some statements, the use of hour names will be sufficient to express a time: "I'll be there at 9." In other expressions, you will prefer reduced ambiguity, greater specificity, and the ability to pause between numeral cmavo; these are possible using "li" and other methods. There is no 'right' or 'wrong' in Lojban expression, as long as others understand you. It is not our place to tell you which mode of expression to choose for your own situations and needs. We do encourage you to try other ways besides the 'natural English' methods, in hopes that the Lojban community will thus preserve the cultural neutrality of the language. 10.7 On pi and pi'e me zo pi .e zo pi'e Not all numbers are integers. There are fractions, positive and negative numbers, real and imaginary numbers. There are also more advanced numerical concepts: algebraic expressions with variables, etc. Lojban has a system designed to deal with the whole vast nature of mathematical expression (referred to by the gismu "mekso", which is not in this lesson's vocabulary). We will not discuss this entire sublanguage in this course - some of the concepts are probably not of interest or use to non-mathematicians. We will stick to the basics of numbers right now. A few points will be added as we go through the coming lessons. At the end of the course, we will survey the mekso sublanguage and indicate how you can explore it further if you are interested in that aspect of the language. Most people use decimal points and other separators in everyday use of numbers, so we will discuss those in this lesson. We have to generalize, however, to cover usages with which we are less familiar. The cmavo "pi" is referred to as the 'base point' marker. A 'decimal' point is used to divide integer portions from fractional portions in decimal (base 10) notation. We don't want to limit your thinking to the decimal system by calling "pi" a 'decimal' point. The 'base point' "pi" is used to separate two portions of numbers when one is a subunit of the other and both portions are expressed in the same base. You can thus use "pi" for ordinary decimal numbers, for most decimal money system units, etc. Thus "3.33" is expressed in Lojban as "li cipicici". Not all 'numbers' use the same base in all portions of the value. Time of day, dates, and non-metric measurement units such as feet and inches, all express different units in various portions of the expression. In English, we use various symbols other than 'decimal points' so that the numbers are not read as decimal fractions of the large unit. (Sometimes dates and times are written point separators where it is clear what is being expressed, but usually we use slashes and colons, respectively, to separate units and subunits.) It is easy to tell if you are dealing with a mixed-base situation. Examine the following time addition: 3:33 3:33 7:06 which could arise if you want to find out when 3 hours and 33 minutes after 3:33 PM is. The 'tens' digits of the middle column must be added different than when you add the same values in the other columns in order to get the correct result. That one column acts like it is 'base 6' because the minutes number is really a base 60 number being represented as a decimal number. Rather than having all kinds of different symbols and cmavo for separating various types of measurements, Lojban has one cmavo, "pi'e" to do the separation. You can represent pi'e with a colon, a slash, or other symbol (other than a comma, a period, or an apostrophe, each of which have their single defined meaning assigned) in writing Lojban, but you should always use the same symbol regardless of what units are being separated, and not with different symbols as in English. Eventually, your choices will result in a clear consensus for one symbol, which will be adopted. The time "3:57" would thus be written as "3/57" in Lojban if 'slash' were chosen to represent "pi'e"; "3 February 1989" would be written "3/2/1989". If 'semicolon' were adopted, the results would be "3;57" and "3;2;1989". 10.8 Telling Time And Date tcika je detri nunsku The two brivla for reporting time and date are: tcika time of day x1 (hours, minutes, seconds) is the time of state/event x2 on day/date x3 at location x4 detri date x1 is the date (day, {week}, {month}, year) of state/event x2, at location x3, by calendar x4 while time intervals are reported as: temci time x1 is the time-duration/interval from time/date/event x2 to time/date/event x3 Each of these will use times and dates as sumti, expressed in one of two ways: - if the accuracy is sufficient, you can use number names; - if you wish to express units and subunits, you will probably use "li", "pi'e" and the numeral cmavo. Thus: la socac. [cu] tcika ti li sopi'enono [cu] tcika ti li so pi'enono pi'enono [cu] tcika ti li sopi'e nono pi'enono pino [cu] tcika ti "'Nine' is-the-time-of-day of this event" "'9:00' is-the-time-of-day of this event" "'9:00:00' is-the-time-of-day of this event" "'9:00:00.0' is-the-time-of-day of this event" which all mean "It's nine o'clock now." Note that we can go to any arbitrary degree of accuracy using "pi'e" to separate each separate unit. Also, when we return to decimal (the presumed default base) for fractions of a second, we can use "pi" instead of "pi'e". (You could also use "pi'e" for consistency, but would write the result as "9:00:00:0", which is not the way we write fractions of a second in English.) We are not restricted to using "pi'e" with time; in English, we often express the equivalent of "pi" instead: "9.5", ("li sopimu") for "half-past-nine" is the equivalent of "9:30" or "li so pi'ecino". In the next section we will see how to express "a quarter before nine". In general, when expressing units and subunits, the larger unit comes first, then the subunit, etc. With dates, this is not usually the case. The year is often ellipsized - we know what it is based on the context. The most significant information, which is almost never ellipsized in English, is the day portion of the date. Consistency in expressing numbers suggests therefore that we should at least go from smallest to largest unit in dates. The American system of Month/Day/Year has no particular consistency, and the European system of Day/Month/Year is therefore recommended. Thus "3 February 1989" is expressed as "3:2:1989" if we have chosen 'colon' to represent "pi'e", and is read as "li cipi'erepi'epasobiso", or breaking it into more readable units: "li ci pi'ere pi'e pasobiso". If you are using a day-in-year calendar system, you need to communicate that you are skipping the month. Do this by putting two "pi'e" together: "34::1989" is the same date in this calendar system, read as "li civo pi'epi'e pasobiso". If you want to instead refer to days of the week, you can do so by adding in an extra "pi'e" separator. The default assumption when you have four unit/subunit values separated by "pi'e" in a date is that the grouping is: 'day-of-week/week/month/year', or "li xa pi'epa pi'ere pi'e pasobiso" If you want to include both day-of-week and day in the date, use one more "pi'e", and insert the day after the 'week': 'day-of-week/week/day/month/year', or "li xa pi'epa pi'eci pi'ere pi'e pasobiso". Since usually we leave out the week when we express both day-of-week and day, you end up with: "li xa pi'epi'e ci pi'ere pi'e pasobiso" for "Friday the 3rd of February, 1989". Summarizing: 3:11 is the 3rd day of the eleventh month (November) 34::1989 is the 34th day of 1989 2:3:1989 is the 2nd day of the 3rd month (March) of 1989 2:3:4:1989 is the 2nd day (Monday) of the 3rd week of the fourth month (April) of 1989 2:3::1989 is the 2nd day (Monday) of the 3rd week of 1989 2:2:9:5:1989 is the 2nd day (Monday) of the 2nd week, (which is the 9th) of the 5th month (May) of 1989 Other variations that are consistent with these examples are permitted. 10.10 On ki'o me zo ki'o One last feature about representing numbers in Lojban also has a corollary in English. When printing large numbers in English, we often insert a comma every three digits to make the result easier to read. Lojban allows for the same convention. We even allow use of a comma for the 'number comma' (which is why you can't use a comma to represent "pi'e"). Lojban's number comma is the cmavo "ki'o", which should be easy to remember from the cognate "kilo-", meaning 1000. Its basic usage is totally straightforward. The number "123,456.78" is read as "li pareciki'o vomuxa pizebi", which is much shorter than "one hundred and twenty-three thousand, four hundred and fifty six point seven eight". You are not obligated to use a "ki'o" any time that you read such a large number. It is only there to help you read it clearly, and to help the listener know that no digits have been missed. You could even, if the convention has been previously agreed upon, use "ki'o" as a comma every second digit or every fifth digit. Thus, "ki'o" could be used for the hyphen separators in telephone numbers. It is recommended in this case that you stick with three digits, based on the other uses of "ki'o" discussed below, unless you are sure that the convention you are using is standard. "ki'o" has a few other uses that are convenient for certain circumstances, all related to its use as a 3-digit number comma: - as a final 'digit' in a number, or before "pi" or "pi'e", "ki'o" signifies three zeroes ("000"); - by itself, it can serve as an indicator that a series of numbers to follow are to be presumed to have three zeroes ("000") after them - the numbers are expressed in thousands. You have possibly seen both usages in business reports and budget summaries, where there is indication at the top of the chart that all numbers are expressed in thousands. Similarly, you can get 6 digits of zeroes, or millions, with ki'oki'o in either of these two contexts. Additional groups of three digits can be expressed with additional "ki'o"s, as well. Some examples: li reciki'o muvoso "23,549" li reciki'o "23,000" ki'o (or '000') at the top of a table followed by li reci in the table "23,000" li reciki'o pizepa "23,000.71" "ki'o" can be used immediately on the right side of a "pi" or "pi'e" to stand for three zeroes, as well in other places as a number comma. Thus: li reci piki'o zepa "23.000,71" or English "23.00071" li reci pi zepamuki'o vovo "23.715,44" or English "23.71544" li reciki'o piki'oki'o zepa "23,000.000,000,71 or English "23,000.00000071" When you break a three-digit comma convention in a number, as in "li reciki'o mu pi zeki'o pa", the result is still grammatical and is a well-formed number, namely "23,005.007,1". 10.11 Activities For Numbers namcu selzukte There are three obvious activities that you can use to practice numbers. The first is to make a clock face on a paper plate, pair off, and take turns setting the time, asking what time it is (ma cu tcika), and answering. The second involves counting in various units, directed by imperative "ko kancu ...". The second involves asking other students for information that is expressed as dates. This can include birthdays (with or without year), major historical events, etc. The latter activity requires use of some vocabulary not yet presented (such as "jbena", needed for birthday). Exploring the vocabulary you haven't yet concentrated on isn't a bad idea. You may see some useful or easy to learn words that we aren't going to teach for a while. Exercise 10-1 larnuntoi panopi'epamoi Express the following numbers in Lojban text: 7 40 15,000 3.65 9.0001 Express the following times in Lojban text, and the last three as symbols: 4 P.M., as a name thirty-seven minutes after seven half-past three ten till eleven Express the following dates in Lojban text and as symbols: The ninth of December Thursday in the third week, the thirteenth of July, two-thousand and one The seventy-fourth day of nineteen-sixty. (and two that require you to think about the conventions a bit) The second week of September, eighteen-sixty-five Wednesday the fourteenth Table 10-1 Hours Of The Day These are discussed in the lesson. Alternative names are given for 12-hour and 24-hour clock, as well as special names for 'noon' and 'midnight'. la pacac. 1 A.M., or the hour called the 'first hour' la recac. 2 A.M., or the hour called the 'second hour' la cicac. 3 A.M., or the hour called the 'third hour' la vocac. 4 A.M., or the hour called the 'fourth hour' la mucac. 5 A.M., or the hour called the 'fifth hour' la xacac. 6 A.M., or the hour called the 'sixth hour' la zecac. 7 A.M., or the hour called the 'seventh hour' la bicac. 8 A.M., or the hour called the 'eighth hour' la socac. 9 A.M., or the hour called the 'ninth hour' la panocac. 10 A.M., or the hour called the 'tenth hour' la papacac. 11 A.M., or the hour called the 'eleventh hour' la parecac. la midycac. 12 noon, or the hour called the 'twelfth hour', or the hour called the middle hour la pacicac. 1 P.M., or the hour called the 'thirteenth hour' la pavocac. 2 P.M., or the hour called the 'fourteenth hour' la pamucac. 3 P.M., or the hour called the 'fifteenth hour' la paxacac. 4 P.M., or the hour called the 'sixteenth hour' la pazecac. 5 P.M., or the hour called the 'seventeenth hour' la pabicac. 6 P.M., or the hour called the 'eighteenth hour' la pasocac. 7 P.M., or the hour called the 'nineteenth hour' la renocac. 8 P.M., or the hour called the 'twentieth hour' la repacac. 9 P.M., or the hour called the 'twenty-first hour' la rerecac. 10 P.M., or the hour called the 'twenty-second hour' la recicac. 11 P.M., or the hour called the 'twenty-third hour' la revocac. la nocac. 12 midnight, or the hour called the 'twenty-fourth hour', or the hour called the 'zeroth hour' Table 10-2 Days Of The Week These are discussed in the lesson. la padjed. Sunday or the day called the 'first day' of the week la redjed. Monday or the day called the 'second day' of the week la cidjed. Tuesday or the day called the 'third day' of the week la vodjed. Wednesday or the day called the 'fourth day' of the week la mudjed. Thursday or the day called the 'fifth day' of the week la xadjed. Friday or the day called the 'sixth day' of the week la zedjed. Saturday or the day called the 'seventh day' of the week Table 10-3 Months Of The Year la pamast. January, or the month called the 'first month' of the year la remast. February, or the month called the 'second month' of the year la cimast. March, or the month called the 'third month' of the year la vomast. April, or the month called the 'fourth month' of the year la mumast. May, or the month called the 'fifth month' of the year la xamast. June, or the month called the 'sixth month' of the year la zemast. July, or the month called the 'seventh month' of the year la bimast. August, or the month called the 'eighth month' of the year la somast. September, or the month called the 'ninth month' of the year la daumast. October, or the month called the 'tenth month' of the year la feimast. November, or the month called the 'eleventh month' of the year la gaimast. December, or the month called the 'twelfth month' of the year Answers to Exercise 10-1 For variety, we'll use semicolons as the delimiter for "pi'e" in these answers. Express the following numbers in Lojban text: 7 ze 40 vono 15,000 pamuki'o 3.65 ci pixamu 9.0001 so pi ki'opa Express the following times in Lojban text, and the last three as symbols: 4 P.M., as a name la paxacac. thirty-seven minutes after seven 7;37 li ze pi'ecize half-past three 3.5 li cipimu ten till eleven 11;-10 li fei pi'e ni'upano Express the following dates in Lojban numerical text and as symbols: The ninth of December 9;12 li so pi'e gai Thursday in the third week, the thirteenth of July, two-thousand and one 5;3;13;7;2001 li mu pi'eci pi'epaci pi'eze pi'e renonopa (or reki'opa) The seventy-fourth day of nineteen-sixty. 74;;1960 li zevo pi'epi'e pasoxano The second week of September, eighteen-sixty-five ;2;9;1865 li pi'ere pi'eso pi'e pabixamu Wednesday the fourteenth 4;;14;; li vo pi'epi'e pavo pi'epi'e (without the extra "pi'e"s, you wouldn't know which convention to use)