01436 Lojban gismu list 9/26/94 01436 Draft dictionary rebaseline posted for review; Logflash format compatible Note: Metaphor usage risks cultural neutrality; physical attributes are safest. Use place structures. rafsi list baselined as of this date. Note: a complete set can be partially specified with etcetera (ce zo'e) bacru ba'u utter x1 utters verbally/says/phonates/speaks [vocally makes sound] x2 1h 386 [also voices; does not necessarily imply communication or audience; ('says' is usually cusku)]; (cf. krixa, cusku, casnu, tavla, voksa, pinka) badna banana x1 is a banana/plantain [fruit/plant] of species/breed x2 aj 2 (cf. grute) badri dri sad x1 is sad/depressed/dejected/[unhappy/feels sorrow/grief] about x2 (abstraction) 3c 91 (cf. klaku, gleki, betri, cinmo, junri) bajra baj run x1 runs on surface x2 using limbs x3 with gait x4 2b 0 (cf. cadzu, klama, litru, stapa, plipe, cpare) bakfu baf bundle 'pack' x1 is a bundle/package/cluster/clump/pack [shape/form] containing x2, held together by x3 9b 3 (cf. daski, dakli, tanxe) bakni bak bovine 'ox' x1 is a cow/cattle/kine/ox/[bull/steer/calf] [beef-producer/bovine] of species/breed x2 ai 8 (cf. danlu) bakri chalk x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of chalk from source x2 in form x3 ah 2 (cf. pinsi, blabi, jilka) baktu bucket x1 is a bucket/pail/can/deep, solid, wide-topped container of contents x2, made of material x3 ao 0 (cf. botpi, patxu, tansi, lante, lanka) balji bulb 'bulge' x1 is a bulb [body-part] of plant/species x2; [metaphor: rounded, bulgy] aj 1 (cf. punli, batke) balni balcony x1 is a balcony/overhang/ledge/shelf of building/structure x2 a 0 (cf. kajna) balre ba'e blade x1 is a blade of tool/weapon x2 a 3 (cf. dakfu, tunta, tutci, guska, kinli, katna) balvi bav future 'later' x1 is in the future of/later than/after x2 in time sequence; x1 is latter; x2 is former 4a 56 [also sequel, succeed, successor, follow, come(s) after; time ordering only (use lidne otherwise); aorist in that x1 may overlap in time with x2 as long as it extends afterwards; non-aorist future (= cfabalvi); (default x2 is the space time reference, whereupon:) x1 will occur]; (cf. lidne, cabna, purci, farna) bancu bac beyond x1 exceeds/is beyond limit/boundary x2 from x3 in property/amount x4 (ka/ni) 7j 7 [on the other side of a bound, but not necessarily directly 'across' nor at the shortest plausible distance (per ragve); also not limited to position in space]; (cf. dukse, ragve, zmadu, kuspe) bandu bad defend x1 (event) defends/protects x2 (object/state) from threat/peril/potential x3 (event) 8g 9 [also secures (verb); x1 wards/resists x3; protective cover/shield (= badgai)]; (cf. ckape, fanta, fapro, marbi, rivbi, zunti, snura, binra, lunbe, pulji) banfi amphibian x1 is an amphibian of species/breed x2 ai 4 (cf. danlu, respa) bangu ban bau language x1 is a/the language/dialect used by x2 to express/communicate x3 (si'o/du'u, not quote) 1b 162 [also tongue]; (cf. tance, cusku, ve tavla, valsi, gerna, jufra, natmi, slaka) banli bal ba'i great 'grand' x1 is great/grand in property x2 (ka) by standard x3 7j 96 [indicates a subjective greatness, as compared to the objective standard implied for barda; (synonyms, possibly requiring tanru:) extraordinary, illustrious, magnificent, impressive, awesome, grandiose, august, inspiring, special, majestic, distinguished, eminent, splendor, stately, imposing (all generally zabna); terrible (mabla)]; (cf. barda, nobli, se sinma, pluja, misno, vajni, fasnu, cizra, traji, mutce, se manci) banro ba'o grow x1 grows/expands [an increasing development] to size/into form x2 from x3 8f 26 [also rising, developing; x1 gets bigger/enlarges/increases]; (cf. farvi, zenba, jmina, barda, makcu, ferti) banxa bax bank x1 is a bank owned by/in banking system x2 for banking function(s) x3 (event) ap 0 (cf. sorcu, zarci, canja, kagni) banzu baz suffice x1 (object) suffices/is enough/sufficient for purpose x2 under conditions x3 3m 89 (cf. dukse, claxu, nitcu, ricfu, curmi) bapli bap bai force 'compel' x1 [force] (ka) forces/compels event x2 to occur; x1 determines property x2 to manifest as 20 [also constrains; requires success, unlike the physics term (better expressed by danre)]; (cf. fanta, rinju, jimte, jitro, rinka, krinu, zukte, randa, danre, cmavo list bai, marxa, tinsa, xarnu) barda bra big 'large' x1 is big/large in property/dimension(s) x2 (ka) as compared with standard/norm x3 1e 318 (cf. banli, clani, ganra, condi, plana, cmalu, rotsu, banro, xanto) bargu bag arch x1 arches/curves over/around x2 and is made of x3; x1 is an arch over/around x2 of material x3 9b 9 [also arc; x2 need not be an object, but may be a point or volume]; (cf. cripu, kruvi, korcu, condi) barja bar x1 is a tavern/bar/pub serving x2 to audience/patrons x3 ap 0 (cf. gusta, birje, jikru, sanmi, vanju, xotli, ckafi, se pinxe) barna ba'a mark x1(s) is a/are mark(s)/spot(s) on x2 of material x3 a 0 [ba'armo'a for a pattern of marks]; (cf. sinxa, pixra, se ciska, se prina) bartu bar out x1 is on the outside of x2; x1 is exterior to x2 1e 82 (cf. jibni, nenri, sruri, lamji, korbi, calku, vasru) basna emphasize 'accent' x1 emphasizes/accentuates/gives emphasis/stress/accent to x2 by (action) x3 1h 16 [also: say forcefully] (cf. pandi) basti bas replace 'substitute' x1 replaces/substitutes for/instead of x2 in circumstance x3; x1 is a replacement/substitute 3m 35 [also: x1 trades places with x2]; (cf. cmavo list ba'i, binra) batci bat bite x1 bites/pinches x2 on/at specific locus x3 with x4 5c 83 [bite through (= ka'arbatci, batygre); pinch (= cinzybatci)]; (cf. denci, jgalu, guska, citka) batke button x1 is a button/knob/[handle] on/for item x2, with purpose x3, made of material x4 a 2 (cf. jadni, balji, punji, jgari, lasna) bavmi barley x1 is a quantity of barley [grain] of species/strain x2 aj 3 (cf. gurni) baxso Malay-Indonesian 'Bahasa' x1 reflects Malay-Indonesian common language/culture in aspect x2 ab 2 (cf. meljo, bindo) bebna beb foolish 'boob' x1 is foolish/silly in event/action/property [folly] (ka) x2; x1 is a boob 5g 69 (cf. fenki, xajmi, prije, fliba) bemro bem be'o North American x1 reflects North American culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2 ab 6 (cf. merko, kadno, xispo, mexno) bende bed be'e crew 'band' x1 is a crew/team/gang/squad/band of persons x2 directed/led by x3 organized for purpose x4 ap 1 (x1 is a mass; x2 is a set completely specified); [also orchestra (= zgibe'e, balzgibe'e), outfit; x3 conductor; business, not necessarily incorporated (= cajbe'e, venbe'e)]; (cf. gunma, girzu, dansu, jatna, jitro, kagni, kamni, minde, ralju, cecmu, gidva) bengo beg Bengali x1 reflects Bengali/Bangladesh culture/nationality/language in aspect x2 ab 1 (cf. xindo) benji bej be'i transfer 'send' x1 transfers/sends/transmits x2 to receiver x3 from transmitter/origin x4 via means/medium x5 4i 79 [also possibly "sharing"; no (complete) alienation from origin is implied]; [x5 carrier]; (cf. muvdu, dunda, mrilu, nirna, xruti, cradi, tivni, preja, cmavo list be'i, bevri, mrilu, tcana) bersa bes be'a son x1 is a son of mother/father/parents x2 [not necessarily biological] 4b 29 [also filial]; (cf. verba, nanla, nakni, nanmu, patfu, mamta, bruna, rirni, rorci, panzi, tixnu) berti ber north x1 is to the north/northern side [right-hand-rule pole] of x2 according to frame of reference x3 5d 91 (cf. snanu, stici, stuna, farna) besna ben brain x1 is a/the brain [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: intelligence, mental control] aa 17 [also cerebral]; (cf. menli, stedu, rango, pensi) betfu bef be'u abdomen 'belly' x1 is a/the abdomen/belly/lower trunk [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: midsection] 1c 9 [also stomach (= djaruntyrango), digestive tract (= befctirango, befctirangyci'e)]; (cf. cutne, livga, canti) betri bet tragedy 'tragic' x1 is a tragedy/disaster/tragic for x2 4c 53 (cf. badri, xlali, morsi, binra) bevri bev bei carry 'bear' x1 carries/hauls/bears/transports cargo x2 to x3 from x4 over path x5; x1 is a carrier/[porter] 2b 149 [alienation from x2 to x3 is implied]; (cf. marce, muvdu, benji, klama) bi biv 8 digit/number: 8 (digit) 3a 0 bi'i biz unordered interval non-logical interval connective: unordered between ... and ... (rafsi represents any interval) at 0 bidju bead x1 is a bead/pebble [shape/form] of material x2 9b 19 (cf. bolci, canre, lakse, dirgo) bifce bic bee x1 is a bee/wasp/hornet of species/breed x2 ai 0 (cf. cinki, sfani, lakse) bikla bik whip 'beat, lash' x1 whips/lashes/snaps [a sudden violent motion] ao 24 (cf. skori, darxi) bilga big obliged x1 is bound/obliged to/has the duty to do/be x2 in/by standard/agreement x3; x1 must do x2 8c 34 [also x3 frame of reference]; (cf. zifre, fuzme) bilma bi'a ill x1 is ill/sick/diseased with symptoms x2 from disease x3 4c 22 (cf. kanro, mikce, spita, senci, kafke, binra) bilni bil military x1 is military/regimented/is strongly organized/prepared by system x2 for purpose x3 a 0 [also paramilitary; soldier in its broadest sense - not limited to those trained/organized as part of an army to defend a state (= bilpre)]; (cf. jenmi for a military force, sonci, ganzu, pulji) bindo bid Indonesian x1 reflects Indonesian culture/nationality/language in aspect x2 ab 1 (cf. bindo, meljo, baxso) binra insure x1 insures/indemnifies x2 (person) against peril x3 (event) providing benefit(s) x4 (event) a 0 [also x3 loss; sell/purchase insurance (= binryve'u), premium (= binrydi'a, or binryvelve'u)]; (cf. bandu, cirko, betri, basti, bilma) binxo bix bi'o become x1 becomes/changes/converts/transforms into x2 under conditions x3 2c 217 [resultative, not-necessarily causal, change]; (cf. cenba for non-resultative, galfi for causal, stika for non-resultative, non-causal change; zasni) birje beer x1 is made of/contains/is a amount of beer/ale/brew brewed from x2 2j 13 (cf. pinxe, barja, jikru, vanju, xalka, fusra) birka bir arm x1 is a/the arm [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: branch with strength] 1c 57 [also elbow (= bircidni), wrist (= xanterjo'e), appendage (but jimca, rebla preferred)]; (cf. jimca, janco, xance, rebla) birti bit certain x1 is certain/sure/positive/convinced that x2 is true 3l 31 (cf. jetnu, jinvi, krici, djuno, senpi, sruma) bisli bis ice x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains ice [frozen crystal] of composition/material x2 5b 43 [composition including x2, which need not be a complete composition]; (cf. kunra, runme, lenku, krili, bratu, snime, carvi) bitmu bim bi'u wall x1 is a wall/fence separating x2 and x3 (unordered) of/in structure x4 1h 152 (cf. jbini, sepli, fendi, canko, drudi, kumfa, loldi, senta, snuji, pagre, gacri, kuspe, marbi, vorme) blabi lab white x1 is white/very-light colored [color adjective] 1a 107 [pale forms of other colors are a compound of white; e.g. pink (= labyxu'e, xunblabi) (whereas kandi is used for pale = dimness, lack of intensity)]; (cf. skari, xekri, grusi, kandi, manku, carmi, bakri, blanu, bunre, cicna, crino, narju, nukni, pelxu, xunre, zirpu) blaci glass x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains glass of composition including x2 6b 5 (cf. kabri) blanu bla blue x1 is blue [color adjective] 1a 132 (cf. skari, blabi, xekri, zirpu, kandi, carmi, cicna) bliku bli block x1 is a block [3-dimensional shape/form] of material x2, surfaces/sides x3 9b 8 [x3 sides/surfaces should include number, size, and shape; also polyhedron (= pitybli having flat/planar sides/surfaces)], regular polyhedron (= kubybli, blikubli), brick (= kitybli); (cf. tapla, kubli, tanbo, canlu, kojna, sefta, bolci, kurfa, tarmi) bloti lot blo lo'i boat x1 is a boat/ship/vessel [vehicle] for carrying x2, propelled by x3 7f 33 (cf. falnu, fulta, marce, jatna, sabnu) bo bor short scope link short scope joiner; joins various constructs with shortest scope and right grouping 8a 0 bolci bol boi ball x1 is a ball/sphere/orb/globe [shape/form] of material x2; x1 is a spherical object [made of x2] 9b 36 [also round]; (cf. bliku, cukla, bidju, gunro) bongu bog bo'u bone x1 is a/the bone/ivory [body-part], performing function x2 in body of x3; [metaphor: calcium] aa 3 [x2 is likely an abstract: may be structure/support for some body part, but others as well such as the eardrum bones; the former can be expressed as (tu'a le ); cartilage/gristle (= ranbo'u), skeleton (= bogygreku)]; (cf. greku, denci, jirna, sarji) botpi bot bo'i bottle x1 is a bottle/jar/urn/flask/closable container for x2, made of material x3 with lid x4 1f 79 (cf. baktu, lante, patxu, tansi, tanxe, vasru, gacri) boxfo bof bo'o sheet 'foil' x1 is a sheet/foil/blanket [2-dimensional shape/form flexible in 3 dimensions] of material x2 9b 0 (cf. plita, cinje, polje, slasi, tinci) boxna bon bo'a wave x1 is a wave [periodic pattern] in medium x2, wave-form x3, wave-length x4, frequency x5 9b 14 (cf. slilu, dikni, cinje, polje, morna, canre) bradi enemy 'adversary' x1 is an enemy/opponent/adversary/foe of x2 in struggle x3 2i 8 (cf. damba, jamna, darlu, pendo, fapro, gunta, sarji, jivna, jinga) bratu hail x1 is hail/sleet/freezing rain/solid precipitation of material/composition including x2 4h 0 [this is the substance, not the act or manner of its falling, which is carvi]; (cf. carvi, snime, bisli, tcima) brazo raz Brazilian x1 reflects Brazilian culture/nationality/language in aspect x2 ab 1 (cf. porto, ketco) bredi red bre ready x1 is ready/prepared for x2 (event) 9c 36 (cf. spaji, jukpa) bridi bri predicate x1 (text) is a predicate relationship with relation x2 among arguments (sequence/set) x3 1b1172 [also: x3 are related by relation x2 (= terbri for reordered places)]; (x3 is a set completely specified); (cf. sumti, fancu) brife bif bi'e breeze x1 is a breeze/wind/gale from direction x2 with speed x3; x1 blows from x2 4h 66 (cf. tcima) briju bij office 'bureau' x1 is an office/bureau/work-place of worker x2 at location x3 8c 54 (cf. jibri, gunka) brito rit British x1 reflects British/United Kingdom culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 54 (cf. glico, skoto, merko, ropno) broda rod predicate var 1 1st assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure) ad 134 (cf. cmavo list bu'a) brode bo'e predicate var 2 2nd assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure) ad 24 brodi predicate var 3 3rd assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure) ad 10 brodo predicate var 4 4th assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure) ad 5 brodu predicate var 5 5th assignable variable predicate (context determines place structure) ad 5 bruna bun bu'a brother x1 is brother of/fraternal to x2 by bond/tie/standard/parent(s) x3; [not necess. biological] 4b 110 (cf. mensi, tunba, tamne, famti, bersa) bu bus bu'i word to lerfu convert any single word to BY - (cf. cmavo list selma'o BY) bu'a bul some selbri 1 logically quantified predicate variable: some selbri 1 aq 0 (cf. broda, etc.) budjo buj bu'o Buddhist x1 pertains to the Buddhist culture/religion/ethos in aspect x2 ac 2 (cf. latna, lijda) bukpu buk bu'u cloth x1 is an amount of cloth/fabric of type/material x2 3f 20 (cf. mapni, matli, sunla, slasi, silka) bumru bum fog x1 is foggy/misty/covered by a fog/mist/vapor of liquid x2 4h 5 (cf. djacu, carvi, danmo, lunsa, tcima, gapci) bunda bud pound x1 is x2 (def. 1) local weight unit(s) [non-metric], standard x3, subunits [e.g. ounces] x4 al 0 (additional subunit places may be added as x5, x6, ...); (cf. grake, junta, tilju, rupnu, fepni, dekpu, gutci, minli, merli, kramu) bunre bur bu'e brown x1 is brown/tan [color adjective] 1a 63 (cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi) burcu bru brush x1 is a brush for purpose x2 (event) with bristles x3 ao 1 (cf. komcu, pinsi) burna embarrassed x1 is embarrassed/disconcerted/flustered/ill-at-ease about/under conditions x2 (abstraction) 9d 4 (cf. cinmo) ca'a caz actually is modal aspect: actuality/ongoing event at 0 (cf. cabna, cmavo list ca) cabna cab now x1 is current at/in the present of/during/concurrent/simultaneous with x2 in time 4a 69 [(default x2 is the present resulting in:) x1 is now; time relationship only, 'aorist' claiming simultaneity does not mean one event does not extend into the past or future of the other] (cf. zvati, balvi, purci, cmavo list ca, cmavo list ca'a) cabra ca'a apparatus x1 is apparatus/mechanism/device/equipment for function x2 controlled/[triggered] by x3 (agent) 7g 5 [form determined by/from function; does not imply automated/automatic action - requires an external agent/trigger (a minji may be a zmiku cabra if it requires an external agent to trigger or control the functions that it performs automatically)]; (cf. tutci, minji, finti; girzu, ganzu for organizational apparatus, pilno) cacra hour x1 is x2 hours in duration (default is 1 hour) by standard x3 3e 21 (cf. junla, mentu, snidu, tcika, temci) cadzu dzu walk x1 walks/strides/paces on surface x2 using limbs x3 1g 174 (cf. stapa, bajra, klama, litru) cafne caf often x1 (event) often/frequently/commonly/customarily occurs/recurs by standard x2 6f 11 (cf. rirci, fadni, kampu, rapli, krefu, lakne, cmavo list piso'iroi and similar compounds) cakla chocolate x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of chocolate/cocoa 2j 8 (cf. ckafi) calku cak shell x1 is a shell/husk [hard, protective covering] around x2 composed of x3 9f 24 (cf. pilka, skapi, gacri, bartu) canci vanish x1 vanishes/disappears from location x2; x1 ceases to be observed at x2 using senses/sensor x3 a 22 [also leaves, goes away (one sense)]; (cf. cliva, ganse, zgana, lebna, vimcu) cando cad idle x1 is idle/at rest/inactive 8c 4 ["in motion", not implying a change in location, is negation of this]; (cf. surla) cange cag farm 'grange, agrarian' x1 is a farm/ranch at x2, farmed by x3, raising/producing x4; (adjective:) x1 is agrarian ap 10 [also grange; farming is any organized agrarian activity, not limited to plant crops]; (cf. purdi, nurma, ferti, foldi, xarju) canja caj exchange x1 exchanges/trades/barters commodity x2 for x3 with x4; x1, x4 is a trader/merchant/businessman 8d 12 [also (adjective:) x1, x2, x4 is/are commercial (better expressed as ka canja, kamcanja)]; x2/x3 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event (possibly service), or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posycanja for unambiguous semantics); (cf. dunda, friti, vecnu, zarci, jdini, pleji, jdima, jerna, kargu; see note at jdima on cost/price/value distinction, banxa, cirko, dunda, janta, kargu, prali, sfasa, zivle) canko ca'o window x1 is a window/portal/opening [portal] in wall/building/structure x2 1f 153 (cf. vorme, bitmu, ganlo, murta, pagre, kevna, jvinu, kalri, kuspe) canlu cal ca'u space 'volume' x1 is space/volume/region/room [at-least-3-dimensional area] occupied by x2 al 18 [also occupy (= selca'u)] (cf. kensa, bliku, kumfa, kevna, kunti, tubnu, dekpu) canpa cna shovel x1 is a shovel/spade [bladed digging implement] for digging x2 ao 6 (cf. kakpa, guska, tutci) canre can sand x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of sand/grit from source x2 of composition including x3 ah 5 [also abrasive (= gukcanre)]; (cf. bidju, rokci, zalvi, boxna) canti gut 'entrails' x1 is a/the gut(s)/entrails/intestines/viscera/innards/digestive system [body-part] of x2 aa 5 [metaphor: process hub]; (cf. betfu) carce cart x1 is a cart/carriage/wagon [wheeled vehicle] for carrying x2, propelled by x3 ao 3 (cf. karce, xislu, marce, matra) carmi cam cai intense x1 is intense/bright/saturated/brilliant in property (ka) x2 as received/measured by observer x3 1a 143 [also lustrous, gleaming, sparkling, shining (all probably better metaphorically combined with gusni: gusycai or camgu'i); in colors, refers principally to increased saturation (with opposite kandi)]; (cf. denmi, gusni, kandi, ruble, skari, tilju, tsali, mutce, blabi, blanu, bunre, cicna, crino, grusi, narju, nukni, pelxu, xekri, xunre, zirpu) carna car turn x1 turns/rotates/revolves around axis x2 in direction x3 1g 48 [also revolve (= jincarna)]; (cf. gunro, jendu) cartu cat chart x1 is a chart/diagram/map of/about x2 showing formation/data-points x3 5d 7 (cf. platu) carvi cav rain x1 rains/showers/[precipitates] to x2 from x3; x1 is precipitation [not limited to 'rain'] 4h 107 (cf. bratu, dilnu, santa, snime, tcima, bisli, bumru) casnu snu discuss x1(s) (mass normally, but 1 individual/jo'u possible) discuss(es)/talk(s) about topic/subject x2 1h 107 [also chat, converse]; (cf. bacru, cusku, darlu, tavla) catke ca'e shove x1 [agent] shoves/pushes x2 at locus x3 8h 9 [move by pushing/shoving (= ca'ermuvgau)]; (cf. danre for non-agentive force, lacpu) catlu cta look x1 looks at/examines/views/inspects/regards/watches/gazes at x2 1g 259 [also look through (= grecta, ravycta, bacycta); note that English "look" often means a more generic "observe"]; (cf. jvinu, minra, simlu, viska, lanli, zgana, setca, viska) catni ca'i authority x1 has authority/is an official in/on/over matter/sphere/persons x2 derived on basis x3 8c 6 (cf. turni, tutra, krati, cmavo list ca'i, jaspu, pulji) catra kill 'slaughter' x1 (agent) kills/slaughters/murders x2 by action/method x3 8g 82 (cf. morsi, xarci) caxno cax shallow x1 is shallow in extent in direction/property x2 away from reference point x3 by standard x4 6c 10 (cf. condi, tordu, jarki, cinla, cmalu, jarki, jmifa) ce cec in a set with non-logical connective: set link, unordered; "and also", but forming a set at 0 (cf. cmima, cmavo list ce'o) ce'i cez percent digit/number: % percentage symbol, hundredths 7e 0 (cf. saclu, centi, parbi, frinu) ce'o ce'o in a sequence with non-logical connective: ordered sequence link; "and then", forming a sequence at 0 (cf. porsi, cmavo list ce) cecla cel ce'a launcher x1 launches/fires/shoots projectile/missile x2, propelled by x3 [propellant/propulsion] a 4 [also: x1 is a gun/launcher/cannon; x1 hurls/throws/casts (more general than renro in that propulsion need not be internal to x1)]; (cf. renro, danti, jakne, jbama, spoja) cecmu cem ce'u community x1 is a community/colony of organisms x2 7c 33 (cf. bende, kulnu, natmi, tcadu, jecta, girzu) cedra era x1 is an era/epoch/age characterized by x2 (event/property/interval/idea) a 9 (x2 interval should be the defining boundaries; if merely a characterizing period, the nature of the interval should be expressed in an abstract bridi, or the interval should be marked with tu'a; x2 may also be characteristic object(s) or practices of the era, if marked with tu'a); (cf. ranji, temci, citsi) cenba cne vary x1 varies/changes in property/quantity x2 (ka/ni) in amount/degree x3 under conditions x4 2c 38 [non-resultative, not-necessarily causal change]; (cf. cenba which is non-resultative, galfi which is resultative and causal, stika which is non-resultative and causal; stodi, zasni, binxo) censa ces holy 'sacred' x1 is holy/sacred to person/people/culture/religion/cult/group x2 ac 58 (cf. cevni, krici, latna, pruxi, lijda, sinma) centi cen .01 metric 'centi' x1 is a hundredth [1/100; 1x10**-2] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 3 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) cerda ced heir x1 is an heir to/is to inherit x2 (object/quality) from x3 according to rule x4 a 13 [pedantically, inheriting an object should be a sumti-raising (tu'a if non-abstract in x2) of inheriting loka ponse the object - the ownership of the object (= posycerda, posyselcerda for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. jgina) cerni cer morning x1 is a morning [dawn until after typical start-of-work for locale] of day x2 at location x3 3e 35 [this morning (= cabdeicerni); tomorrow morning (= bavlamcerni); yesterday morning (= prulamcerni, prulamdeicerni)](cf. vanci, murse, tcika) certu cre expert x1 is an expert/pro/has prowess in/is skilled at x2 (event/activity) by standard x3 8c 63 [also competent, skilled]; (cf. djuno, stati, kakne) cevni cev cei god 'divinity' x1 is a/the god/deity of people(s)/religion x2 with dominion over x3 [sphere]; x1 is divine ac 197 [also divinity; x2 religion refers to the religious community as a mass]; (cf. censa, krici, lijda, malsi) cfari cfa initiate x1 [state/event/process] commences/initiates/starts/begins to occur; (intransitive verb) 2c 104 (cf. sisti, krasi, fanmo) cfika fik fi'a fiction x1 is a work of fiction about plot/theme/subject x2/under convention x2 by author x3 8b 2 [also story, lie, untrue]; (cf. cukta, lisri, prosa, fatci, jitfa, jetnu, xanri) cfila cfi flaw x1 (property - ka) is a flaw/fault/defect in x2 causing x3 7j 19 (cf. cikre, srera, fenra, fliba, prane) cfine wedge x1 is a wedge [shape/form/tool] of material x2 9b 2 (cf. tutci) cfipu fi'u confusing x1 (event/state) confuses/baffles x2 [observer] due to [confusing] property x3 (ka) 1h 64 (cf. pluja, cfipu, zunti) ci cib 3 digit/number: 3 (digit) 3a 0 ciblu blu blood x1 is blood/vital fluid of organism x2 4c 39 (cf. risna, flecu) cicna cyan x1 is cyan/turquoise/greenish-blue [color adjective] 1a 2 (cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi, crino, blanu) cidja dja food 'feed' x1 is food/feed/nutriment for x2; x1 is edible/gives nutrition to x2 5b 78 (cf. citka, nitcu, pinxe, xagji, cpina) cidni cid knee x1 is a/the knee/elbow/knuckle [hinged joint, body-part] of limb x2 of body x3 1c 8 [metaphor: a sharp bend/curve] (cf. korcu, jarco, jganu) cidro dro hydrogen x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of hydrogen (H); [metaphor: light, flammable] ag 1 (cf. gapci, xukmi) cifnu cif infant x1 is an infant/baby [helpless through youth/incomplete development] of species x2 3b 22 [also infantile]; (cf. makcu, verba) cigla cig gland x1 is a/the gland [body-part] secreting x2, of body x3; x2 is a secretion of x1 aa 8 [secretion (= selcigla)]; (cf. vikmi, xasne) cikna cik awake (adjective:) x1 is awake/alert/conscious 6m 47 (cf. sanji, sipna, tatpi) cikre repair 'fix' x1 repairs/mends/fixes x2 for use x3 8c 13 [a repair may be incomplete, fixing only one of the possible uses of x2, hence x3]; (cf. cfila, spofu) ciksi cki explain x1 (person) explains x2 (event/state/property) to x3 with explanation x4 (du'u) 1h 53 [explanation x4 is an underlying mechanism/details/purpose/method for x2 (= velcki for reordered places), generally assumed to be non-obvious; metaphorical usage with the various causal relations (i.e. jalge, mukti, krinu, rinka, nibli, zukte) is possible, but the non-obviousness, and the existence of an explainer with a point of view makes this word not a simple expression of cause]; (cf. cipra, danfu, jalge, jinvi, krinu, mukti, nabmi, preti, rinka, sidbo, zukte, tavla) cilce cic wild (adjective:) x1 is wild/untamed 6c 30 [tame (= tolcilce)]; (cf. pinfu, panpi, tarti) cilmo cim moist x1 is moist/wet/damp with liquid x2 6f 53 (cf. litki, lunsa, sudga) cilre cli learn x1 learns x2 (du'u) about subject x3 from source x4 (obj./event) by method x5 (event/process) 1h 85 (cf. ctuca, tadni, djuno, ckule) cilta cil thread 'filament' x1 is a thread/filament/wire [shape/form] of material x2 9b 8 (cf. fenso, nivji, skori, silka) cimde dimension x1 (property - ka) is a dimension of space/object x2 according to rules/model x3 al 0 (cf. morna, ckilu, merli, manri) cimni infinite x1 is infinite/unending/eternal in property/dimension x2, to degree x3 (quantity)/of type x3 al 17 [also everlasting, eternity, (= cimnytei), eternal (= cimnyteikai or temcimni)] (cf. vitno, renvi, munje, fanmo, sisti) cinba kiss 'buss' x1 (agent) kisses/busses x2 at locus x3 5g 17 (cf. ctebi) cindu oak x1 is an oak, a type of tree of species/strain x2 aj 2 (cf. tricu) cinfo lion x1 is a lion/[lioness] of species/breed x2 ai 5 (cf. mlatu) cinje cij wrinkle x1 is a wrinkle/crease/fold [shape/form] in x2 9b 5 (cf. korcu, polje, boxfo, boxna) cinki insect x1 is an insect/arthropod of species x2; [bug/beetle] 6c 17 (cf. civla, danlu, jalra, jukni, manti, sfani, toldi, bifce) cinla thin 'lean' x1 is thin in direction/dimension x2 by standard x3; [relatively short in smallest dimension] 6f 7 (cf. rotsu, jarki, tordu, cmalu, caxno, plana, jarki) cinmo cni emotion x1 feels emotion x2 (ka) about x3 9d 91 [also mood/humor (= nuncni)]; (cf. cmavo list ci'o, cumla, jilra, nelci, xendo, ckeji, cortu, jgira, kecti, kufra, manci, prami, steba, zungi, badri, burna, gleki) cinri ci'i interesting 'interests' x1 (abstraction) interests/is interesting to x2; x2 is interested in x1 8b 62 [use x1 tu'a for non-specific interest in an object; interested in (= selci'i)]; (cf. zdile, kucli, manci, kurji) cinse cin sexual x1 in activity/state x2 exhibits sexuality/gender/sexual orientation x3 (ka) by standard x4 5g 48 [also: x1 courts/flirts; x3 could be a ka[gender or role], ka[attraction to a gender], or ka[type of activity], etc.; (adjective:) x1 is sexual/sexy; x1 is flirted with/courted by x2 (= cinfriti, cinjikca)]; (cf. gletu, pinji, plibu, vibna, vlagi) cinta paint x1 [material] is a paint of pigment/active substance x2, in a base of x3 a 6 (cf. pixra, skari) cinza tongs x1 is a/are tong(s)/chopsticks/pincers/tweezers/pliers [tool/body-part] for x2 to pinch x3 ao 6 (cf. tutci) cipni cpi bird x1 is a bird/avian/fowl of species x2 6c 119 (cf. datka, gunse, jipci, nalci, pimlu, vofli, xruki, danlu) cipra cip test 'proof' x1 (process/event) is a test for/proof of property/state x2 in subject x3 (individ./set/mass) 7e 48 [also examination, proxy measure, validation; (a set in x3 must be completely specified)]; (cf. ciksi, troci, jarco, pajni, saske) cirko cri lose x1 loses person/thing x2 at/near x3; x1 loses property/feature x2 in conditions/situation x3 8g 39 [x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event (rare for cirko), or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= po'ecri, posyselcri for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. facki, ralte, sisku, claxu, jinga, pleji, canja, sfasa, dapma, binra, mipri) cirla cheese x1 is a quantity of/contains cheese/curd from source x2 5b 20 (cf. ladru) ciska ci'a write 'scribe' x1 inscribes/writes x2 on display/storage medium x3 with writing implement x4; x1 is a scribe 1h 270 [also x3 writing surface]; (cf. papri, penbi, pinsi, tcidu, xatra, pixra, prina, finti for 'author' or specific authorial works, barna, pinka) cisma smile x1 smiles/grins (facial expression) 1g 39 [smile/grin at something (= cismyfra)]; (cf. xajmi, cmila, frumu) ciste ci'e system x1 (mass) system interrelated by structure x2 among components x3 (set) displaying x4 (ka) 7e 26 [x1 (or x3) is synergistic in x4; also network; x2 also relations, rules; x3 also elements (set completely specified); x4 systemic functions/properties] (cf. cmavo list ci'e, cmima, girzu, gunma, stura, tadji, munje, farvi, ganzu, judri, julne, klesi, morna, tcana) citka cti eat x1 eats/ingests/consumes (transitive verb) x2 5c 320 (cf. cidja, pinxe, tunlo, xagji, xaksu, batci, gusta, kabri) citno cit ci'o young 'junior' x1 is young/youthful [relatively short in elapsed duration] by standard x2 2c 146 [also age (= nilnalci'o); (adjective:) x1 is junior]; (cf. cnino, slabu, verba) citri cir history x1 is a history of x2 according to x3 (person)/from point-of-view x3 a 22 [also historic/historical (= cirtermo'i, cirvai)]; (cf. muzga) citsi season x1 is a season/is seasonal [cyclical interval], defined by interval/property x2, of year(s) x3 3e 15 [also anniversary (= citsydei, na'arcitsydei), jubilee (= mumnoncitsi); the period of time may be short or long as indicated by x2, and may occur every year or every nth year as indicated by x3 (default every year); (x2 and/or x3 may need metaphorical restriction: djecitsi, pavdeicitsi; also equinox, solstice, time of year]; (cf. cedra, crisa, critu, dunra, ranji, temci, vensa, jbena) civla civ louse x1 is a louse/flea [blood-sucking arthropod] of species/breed x2, parasitic on x3 ai 0 (cf. cinki, jalra) cizra ciz strange 'bizarre' x1 is strange/weird/deviant/bizarre/odd to x2 in property x3 (ka) 6f 103 [also alien, mysterious, deviant, queer, unusual, exotic]; (cf. ranxi, rirci, fange, banli) ckabu rubber x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of rubber/latex from source x2 of composition including x3 ah 1 (cf. pruni) ckafi kaf coffee x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of coffee from source/bean/grain x2 2j 23 [brew based on a seed/bean/grain; e.g. also chicory coffee, decaf, postum] (cf. tcati, brewed from a leaf, barja, cakla) ckaji kai quality x1 has/is characterized by property/feature/trait/aspect/dimension x2 (ka); x2 is manifest in x1 3b 128 [manifested/property/quality/trait/feature/aspect (= selkai)]; (cf. cmavo list kai, tcaci, tcini) ckana cka bed x1 is a bed/pallet of material x2 for holding/supporting x3 (person/object/event) an 111 (cf. kamju, kicne, nilce, palta, cpana, vreta, jubme, stizu, matci, zbepi, palne, sarji) ckape cap peril x1 is perilous/dangerous/potentially harmful to x2 under conditions x3 a 17 [x1 is a danger/peril to x2]; (cf. te bandu, te kajde, te marbi, se snura, se xalni) ckasu cas ridicule 'scoff' x1 ridicules/mocks/scoffs at x2 about x3 (property/event) by doing activity x4 (event) 5g 30 (cf. cmila) ckeji kej cke ashamed x1 feels ashamed/mortified/humiliated under conditions x2 before community/audience x3 9d 2 (cf. cinmo) ckiku kik key x1 is a key fitting/releasing/opening/unlocking lock x2, and having relevant properties x3 ao 20 [also x2 fastener, mechanism; code key (= termifckiku, kiktermifra); x3 is dependent on the type of key, but are those form properties of the key that enable it to serve the function of opening the lock - in the case of a metal key to a padlock, for example, this would be the shaft and teeth]; (cf. stela) ckilu ci'u scale x1 (si'o) is a scale of units for measuring/observing/determining x2 (state) al 2 (cf. cmavo list ci'u, gradu, merli, cimde, manri) ckini ki'i related 'akin, kin' x1 is related to/associated with/akin to x2 by relationship x3 2g 46 (cf. cmavo list ki'i, ponse, srana, steci, mapti, sarxe, fange) ckire kir grateful x1 is grateful/thankful to/appreciative of x2 for x3 (event/property) 2l 53 [also gratitude (= nunckire or kamckire)]; (cf. cinmo, friti, pluka) ckule kul cu'e school x1 is school/institute/academy at x2 teaching subject(s) x3 to audien./commun. x4 operated by x5 1h 95 [also college, university]; (cf. cilre, ctuca, tadni) ckunu ku'u conifer 'cone' x1 is a conifer/pine/fir of species/strain x2 with cones x3 aj 0 (cf. tricu) cladu lau loud x1 is loud/noisy at observation point x2 by standard x3 2g 93 (cf. savru) clani cla long x1 is long in dimension/direction x2 (default longest dimension) by measurement standard x3 9b 90 (cf. slabu, condi, ganra, rotsu, tordu, barda, ganra, gutci, minli, rotsu) claxu cau without 'lack' x1 is without/lacking/free of/lacks x2; x1 is x2-less 2g 145 (cf. cmavo list cau, cirko, kunti, nitcu, pindi, banzu) clika mossy x1 is a moss/lichen of species/strain x2 growing on x3; (adjective:) x1 is mossy aj 8 (cf. mledi) clira lir early x1 (event) is early by standard x2 2g 35 (cf. lerci) clite lit polite x1 is polite/courteous/civil in matter x2 according to standard/custom x3 9c 37 [also formal, ritual]; (cf. ritli) cliva liv li'a leave x1 leaves/goes away/departs/parts/separates from x2 via route x3 1g 115 [also: x1 leaves behind/takes leave of x2]; (cf. litru. canci, vimcu, lebna, litru, muvdu) clupa cup loop x1 is a loop/circuit of x2 [material] 9b 3 [also noose (= skoclupa, saljgeclupa; there is no indication of shape, but merely that the ends join/meet); closed curve defined by set of points (= cuptai)]; (cf. djine) cmaci mathematics x1 is a mathematics of type/describing x2 7e 10 (cf. mekso) cmalu cma small x1 is small in property/dimension(s) x2 (ka) as compared with standard/norm x3 1e 326 (cf. caxno, cinla, jarki, tordu, barda) cmana ma'a mountain x1 is a mountain/hill/mound/[rise]/[peak]/[summit]/[highlands] projecting from land mass x2 6c 85 (cf. punli, derxi) cmavo ma'o structure word x1 is a structure word of grammatical class x2, with meaning/function x3 in usage (language) x4 1b1008 [x4 may be a specific usage (with an embedded language place) or a massified language description; x3 and x4 may be merely an example of cmavo usage or refer to an actual expression; cmavo list, if physical object (= (loi) ma'oste); referring to the mental construct (e.g. propose adding a new cmavo to the cmavo list = ma'orpoi, ma'orselcmi, ma'orselste)]; (cf. gismu, lujvo, gerna, smuni, valsi) cmene cme me'e name x1 (quoted word(s)) is a/the name/title/tag of x2 to/used-by namer/name-user x3 (person) 1b 265 [also: x2 is called x1 by x3 (= selcme for reordered places)]; (cf. cmavo list me'e, gismu, tcita, valsi, judri) cmila mi'a laugh 'smile' x1 laughs (emotional expression) 1g 64 [x1 laughs at x2 (= mi'afra)]; (cf. ckasu, frumu, xajmi, cisma) cmima mim cmi member x1 is a member/element of set x2; x1 belongs to group x2; x1 is amid/among/amongst group x2 7c 117 [x1 may be a complete or incomplete list of members; x2 is normally marked by la'i/le'i/lo'i, defining the set in terms of its common property(ies), though it may be a complete enumeration of the membership]; (cf. ciste, porsi, jbini, girzu, gunma, klesi, cmavo list mei, kampu, lanzu, liste) cmoni cmo co'i moan x1 utters moan/groan/howl/scream [non-linguistic utterance] x2 expressing x3 (property) 4c 32 [also shriek, most animal sounds, e.g. bark, cackle, meow, neigh, moo, honk, baa, crow] (cf. krixa, bacru, cusku, cortu) cnano na'o norm x1 [value] is a norm/average in property/amount x2 (ka/ni) among x3(s) (set) by standard x4 7e 10 [also mean, normal, usual; (x3 specifies the complete set)]; (cf. tcaci, fadni, kampu, lakne, tarti, rirci) cnebo neb ne'o neck x1 is a/the neck [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: a relatively narrow point] 1c 6 (cf. galxe, cutne) cnemu nem ne'u reward x1 (agent) rewards x2 [recipient] for atypical x3 (event/property) with reward/desserts x4 a 39 [differs from earned payment because of atypical nature; rewards need not be positive but are in some sense deserved from the point of view of the rewarder: positive reward (= zanyne'u), punishment, penalty, demerit (= malne'u, sfane'u); x4 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posne'u, posyvelne'u for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. dunda, friti, jerna, jinga, jivna, pleji, sfasa, venfu, prali, dapma) cnici nic orderly 'neat' x1 is orderly/neat/ordered in property/quantity x2 (ka/ni) 7j 20 (cf. cunso, kalsa) cnino nin ni'o new x1 is new/unfamiliar/novel to observer x2 in feature x3 (ka) by standard x4; x1 is a novelty 2c 126 (cf. nuzba, slabu, citno, se djuno) cnisa nis lead x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of lead (Pb); [metaphor: heavy, malleable, soft metal] ag 3 (cf. jinme, tinci) cnita nit ni'a beneath x1 is directly/vertically beneath/below/under/underneath/down from x2 in frame of reference x3 2d 139 [also underside, nether]; (cf. dizlo, gapru, galtu, farna, loldi) co col tanru inversion tanru inversion operator; "... of type ..."; allows modifier trailing sumti without sumti links - co'a co'a initiative interval event contour: at the starting point of ...; initiative >|< | - [beginning (= co'a(r)-)]; (cf. cfari, krasi, clira) co'e com co'e unspecif bridi elliptical/unspecified bridi relationship at 0 co'u co'u cessative interval event contour: at the ending point of ... even if not done; cessative | >< | - [ending (= co'u(r)-)]; (cf. sisti, fanmo) cokcu cko soak up x1 soaks up/absorbs/sucks up x2 from x3 into x4; x1 is an absorbant as 2 (cf. panje, sakci, lacpu) condi con cno coi deep x1 is deep in extent in direction/property x2 away from reference point x3 by standard x4 6c 57 (cf. clani, caxno, bargu, ganra, rotsu, barda, gutci, minli) cortu cor cro pain 'hurt' x1 hurts/feels pain/hurt at locus x2 4c 41 (cf. cinmo, xrani) cpacu cpa get 'acquire' x1 gets/procures/acquires/obtains/accepts x2 from source x3 [previous possessor not implied] 2b 143 [also fetch; accept a gift (= seldu'acpa)]; (cf. punji, lebna, vimcu) cpana upon x1 is upon/atop/resting on/lying on [the upper surface of] x2 in frame of reference/gravity x3 1e 63 (x1 may be object or event); (cf. se vasru, jbini, zvati, nenri, vreta, ckana, diklo, jibni, lamji, zutse, punji for lay upon, sarji, zbepi) cpare par climb x1 climbs/clambers/creeps/crawls on surface x2 in direction x3 using x4 [limbs/tools] 2b 56 (cf. klama, litru, bajra, farlu, plipe) cpedu cpe request x1 requests/asks/petitions/solicits for x2 of/from x3 in manner/form x4 1h 72 [also demand (= mi'ecpe); x4 is a means of expression (cf. ve cusku): a request may be indicated in speech, in writing, or by an action (e.g. petitions are often in writing, while begging/panhandling may be indicated by an action or even demeanor)]; (cf. pikci, te preti, te frati, se spuda, danfu) cpina pungent x1 is pungent/piquant/peppery/spicy/irritating to sense x2 5c 35 [also prickly (= pecycpina)]; (cf. vrusi, kukte, cidja, panci, sumne) cradi radio x1 broadcasts/transmits [using radio waves] x2 via station/frequency x3 to [radio] receiver x4 as 0 [also x1 is a broadcaster]; (cf. tivni, benji, tcana) crane cra front x1 is anterior/ahead/forward/(in/on) the front of x2 which faces/in-frame-of-reference x3 1e 0 [also: x3 is the standard of orientation for x2] (cf. sefta, flira, trixe, mlana, pritu, zunle) creka cek shirt x1 is a shirt/blouse/top [upper-body garment - not necessarily sleeved or buttoned], material x2 3f 13 (cf. taxfu) crepu rep harvest 'reap' x1 (agent) harvests/reaps/gathers crop/product/objects x2 from source/area x3 as 2 (cf. critu, sombo, jmaji) cribe rib bear x1 is a bear/ursoid of species/breed x2 ai 125 (cf. danlu, mabru) crida rid fairy x1 is a fairy/elf/gnome/brownie/pixie/goblin/kobold [mythical humanoid] of mythos/religion x2 ac 4 [also orc, giant, demon or devil (when humanoid-form is presumed by the mythos/religion), bugbear, bogeyman]; (cf. ranmi, especially for non-humanoid creatures of myth, lijda) crino ri'o green x1 is green/verdant [color adjective] 1a 92 (cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi, cicna) cripu rip bridge x1 is a bridge/span over/across x2 between x3 and x4 [unordered, typically destination first] ao 37 (cf. bargu, kruca, ragve, kuspe) crisa cis summer x1 is summer/summertime [hot season] of year x2 at location x3 3e 25 (cf. citsi, critu, dunra, vensa) critu autumn x1 is autumn/fall [harvest/cooling season] of year x2 at location x3 3e 4 (cf. citsi, crisa, dunra, vensa, crepu) ctaru tide x1 is a tide [cyclical/periodic expansion] in x2 caused by x3 a 7 (cf. xamsi) ctebi teb lip 'labial' x1 is a/the lip [body-part]/rim of orifice x2 of body x3; (adjective:) x1 is labial aa 10 (cf. moklu, korbi, cinba) cteki tek ce'i tax x1 is a tax/levy/duty on goods/services/event x2 levied against x3 by authority/collector x4 8d 3 [also custom, toll, tariff, tribute] (cf. pleji, flalu, turni) ctile petroleum 'oil' x1 is a quantity of petroleum/oil from source x2 a 4 (cf. grasu) ctino ti'o shadow 'shade' x1 is a shadow/the shade of object x2, made by light/energy source x3 a 27 (cf. manku, gusni) ctuca ctu teach x1 teaches audience x2 ideas/methods/lore x3 (du'u) about subject(s) x4 by method x5 (event) 1h 72 [also instruct, instructor, educate, educator, teacher, professor, pedagogue; (adjective:) x1/x5 is pedagogical]; (cf. ckule, cilre, tadni) cukla cuk round 'circular' x1 is round/circular [2-dimensional shape/form]; x1 is a disk/circle/ring 9b 16 [normally used for a filled-in circle/disk, but emphasis on roundness means that the concept may include 'ring']; (cf. djine, ranji, bolci, tarmi) cukta cku book x1 is a book containing work x2 by author x3 for audience x4 preserved in medium x5 1f 163 [x1 is a manifestation/container [a physical object or its analogue] of a work/content, not necessarily using paper (= selpapri)]; (cf. cfika, prina, prosa, tcidu, papri) culno clu full x1 is full/completely filled with x2 2g 58 (cf. tisna, kunti, mulno, setca, tisna) cumki cum cu'i possible 'maybe' x1 (event/state/property) is possible under conditions x2; x1 may/might occur; x1 is a maybe 3j 78 [also possibility]; (cf. lakne, cumki) cumla cul humble 'humility' x1 is humble/modest about x2 (abstraction); x1 displays humility about x2 9c 1 (cf. cinmo, jgira) cunmi millet x1 is a quantity of millet [grain] of species/strain x2 aj 3 (cf. gurni) cunso cun cu'o random 'chance' x1 is random/fortuitous/unpredictable under conditions x2, with probability distribution x3 7e 23 [also accidental, chancy, by chance, adventitious, arbitrary (also = cuncu'a, cunselcu'a, cunjdi, cunseljdi; based on "unpredictable")]; (cf. cnici, lakne, funca, kalsa, snuti) cuntu cu'u affair x1 is an affair/organized activity involving person(s) x2 (ind./mass); x1 is x2's business 8d 6 [also matter, concern; x2 is engaged in x1 (which is usually an abstraction) (= selcu'u for reordered places)] (cf. jikca, srana) cupra pra produce x1 produces x2 [product] by process x3 8f 22 (cf. zbasu, farvi, gundi, jukpa) curmi cru let 'permit' x1 (agent) lets/permits/allows x2 (event) under conditions x3; x1 grants privilege x2 8e 57 [sufficient condition (= crutcini), agent that permits a situation (= tcinycru)]; (cf. rinju, banzu, ralte, jimte, jaspu, zifre) curnu cur worm x1 is a worm/invertebrate animal of species/breed x2 ai 12 [also mollusk, snail (= cakcurnu), shellfish (= xaskemcakcurnu, xaskemcakydja); the generalization to invertebrate is because almost all multicellular invertebrates are indeed wormlike]; (cf. since, silka) curve cuv pure x1 is pure/unadulterated/unmitigated/simple in property x2 (ka) 7j 0 [x1 is simply/purely/unmitigatedly/solely x2]; (cf. prane, jinsa, manfo, sampu, sepli, traji, lumci, xukmi) cusku cus sku express x1 (agent) expresses/says x2 (sedu'u/text/lu'e concept) for audience x3 via expressive medium x4 1h 872 [also says]; (cf. bacru, tavla, casnu, spuda, cmavo list cu'u, bangu, dapma, jufra, pinka) cutci cuc shoe x1 is a shoe/boot/sandal for covering/protecting [feet/hooves] x2, and of material x3 3f 28 [also boot (= tupcutci)]; (cf. smoka, taxfu, skiji) cutne cut chest x1 is a/the chest/thorax/upper trunk/[rib cage/breast] [body-part] of x2 aa 16 (cf. cnebo, betfu, xadni, tanxe) cuxna cux cu'a choose x1 chooses/selects x2 [choice] from set/sequence of alternatives x3 (complete set) 2f 77 [also prefer (= nelcu'a)]; (cf. jdice, pajni, nelci) da dav dza something 1 logically quantified existential pro-sumti: there exists something 1 (usually restricted) 5a 0 da'a daz all except digit/number: all except n; all but n; (default 1) 7e 0 dacru dac drawer x1 is a drawer/file in structure x2, a [sliding compartment] container for contents x3 ao 14 (cf. nilce, tanxe) dacti dai object 'thing' x1 is a material object enduring in space-time; x1 is a thing 1f 44 (cf. marji, xanri) dadjo daj Taoist x1 pertains to the Taoist culture/ethos/religion in aspect x2 ac 3 (cf. lijda, jegvo) dakfu dak knife x1 is a knife (tool) for cutting x2, with blade of material x3 1f 19 (cf. denci, balre, katna, tunta, forca, smuci, kinli) dakli sack x1 is a sack/bag with contents x2, and of material x3 3f 27 (cf. daski for pouch, bakfu) damba dab da'a fight 'combat' x1 fights/combats/struggles with x2 over issue x3 (abstract); x1 is a fighter/combatant 8g 30 [use x3 tu'a for fight over an object/objective]; (cf. bradi, gunta, talsa, darlu, fapro, jamna, sonci) damri drum x1 is a drum/cymbal/gong [percussion musical instrument] with beater/actuator x2 ak 9 (cf. rilti, zgike) dandu dad hang 'dangle, suspend' x1 hangs/dangles/is suspended from x2 by/at/with joint x3 7j 54 [pendant (= dadja'i); also dependent (original meaning)] (cf. lasna, jorne) danfu daf answer x1 is the answer/response/solution/[reply] to question/problem x2 1h 58 (cf. ciksi, frati, preti, nabmi, spuda for agentive response/reply, cpedu) danlu dal da'u animal x1 is an animal/creature of species x2; x1 is biologically animate 6c 61 (cf. banfi, cinki, cipni, finpe, jukni, respa, since, mabru, bakni) danmo dam smoke x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of smoke/smog/air pollution from source x2 4h 31 [x2 may be a fire]; (cf. pulce, gapci, sigja, bumru) danre da'e pressure x1 (force) puts pressure on/presses/applies force to x2 a 3 [agentive press/depress (= da'ergau, da'erzu'e)]; (cf. catke, bapli, prina, tinsa) dansu dance x1 (individual, mass) dances to accompaniment/music/rhythm x2 5g 55 (cf. bende, zgike, zajba) danti dan projectile x1 is a ballistic projectile [e.g. bullet/missile] for firing by [gun/propelling launcher] x2 ao 6 [also cannonball, catapult stone, shot pellet(s)]; (cf. cecla, renro, jakne) daplu plu island x1 is an island/atoll/key of [material/properties] x2 in surroundings/body x3; x1 is insular ap 3 (cf. lalxu, rirxe, xamsi, dirgo) dapma dap curse 'damn' x1 curses/damns/condemns x2 to fate (event) x3 a 22 [curse with a specific expression (= dapsku)]; (cf. mabla, dimna, cnemu, sfasa, dunda, cusku, cirko, jdima) dargu dag road x1 is a road/highway to x2 from x3 with route x4 (x2/x3 may be unordered) 5d 69 [a regularly used, improved-for-use surface for travelling]; (cf. naxle, tcana, pluta, klaji) darlu dau argue x1 argues for stand x2 against stand x3; [an opponent is not necessary] 3j 57 (cf. fapro, jamna, sarji, talsa, sumti, tugni, casnu, damba, bradi, tavla) darno dar da'o far x1 is far/distant from x2 in property x3 (ka) 2g 69 (cf. jibni) darsi audacity 'dare' x1 shows audacity/chutzpah in behavior x2 (event/activity); x1 dares to do/be x2 (event/ka) a 6 [x1 is bold]; (cf. virnu) darxi dax da'i hit x1 hits/strikes/[beats] x2 with instrument [or body-part] x3 at locus x4 1g 105 (cf. bikla, gunta, jenca, tunta, tikpa, janli, jgari, pencu) daski pocket x1 is a pocket/pouch of/in garment/item x2 3f 10 (cf. dakli, taxfu, bakfu) dasni das wear x1 wears/is robed/garbed in x2 as a garment of type x3 3f 71 [x2 need not be intended for use as a garment (unlike taxfu)]; (cf. taxfu) daspo spo destroy 'despoil' x1 (event) destroys/ruins/wrecks/despoils x2; x1 is destructive 4c 41 (cf. spofu, xrani, marxa, zalvi, xaksu) dasri sri ribbon x1 is a ribbon/tape/strip/band/stripe of material x2 3f 29 (cf. djine) datka duck x1 is a duck/[drake] of species/breed x2 ai 20 (cf. cipni) datni data x1 (du'u) [fact/measurement] is data/information/statistic(s) about x2 gathered by method x3 8b 14 [evidence (= velji'i datni or just velji'i, sidydatni)] (cf. fatci, saske, vreji) decti dec .1 metric 'deci' x1 is a tenth [1/10; 1x10**-1] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) degji deg finger 'digit' x1 is a/the finger/digit/toe [body-part] on limb/body site x2 of body x3; [metaphor: peninsula] 1c 15 [finger (= xandegji), toe (= jmadegji)]; (cf. nazbi, tamji, tance, xance), dejni dej owe 'debt-or' x1 owes x2 in debt/obligation to creditor x3 in return for x4 [service, loan]; x1 is a debtor 8d 5 (cf. jbera, janta, zivle) dekpu gallon 'peck' x1 is x2 (default 1) local volume unit(s) [non-metric; e.g. bushel], standard x3, x4 subunits al 0 [gallon (= likydekpu), quart (= likseldekpu), barrel (wet = likybradekpu, dry = sudbradekpu), bushel (= sudydekpu), peck (= sudyseldekpu), cupful (= kabrydekpu), tablespoon (= mucydekpu); teaspoon (= mucyseldekpu); (all of these lujvo may need gic- to distinguish the English measurement system in contrasting with some local system; the English system is otherwise presumed to be the default non-metric system)]; (additional subunit places may be added as x5, x6, ...); (cf. canlu, litce, rupnu, fepni, gutci, minli, merli, bunda, kramu) dekto dek 10 metric 'deka' x1 is ten [10; 1*10**1] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) delno del de'o candela 'candle-power' x1 is x2 candela [metric unit] in luminosity (default is 1) by standard x3 af 0 (cf. centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) dembi deb bean x1 is a bean/pea/leguminous seed from plant [legume] x2 5b 47 (cf. grute, sobde, tsiju) denci den de'i tooth 'dental' x1 is a/the tooth [body-part] of x2; (adjective:) x1 is dental aa 30 (for metaphor: see dakfu, pagre, jgalu); (cf. moklu, dakfu, pagre, jgalu, batci, bongu) denmi dem dense x1 is dense/concentrated/packed/intense in property x2 (ka) at location/locus x3 7j 48 (cf. carmi, midju, viknu) denpa dep de'a wait 'pause' x1 awaits/waits/pauses for/until x2 at state x3 before starting/continuing x4 (activity/process) 1h 112 [(x2 is an event, usually a point event); also: resuming x4]; (cf. dicra, fanmo, sisti, fliba, pandi) dertu der de'u dirt x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of dirt/soil/earth/ground from source x2 of composition x3 ah 100 [also: x1 is earthen; x3: composition including x3, which need not be exhaustive of composition]; (cf. kliti, terdi, loldi) derxi dre heap x1 is a heap/pile/stack/mound/hill of materials x2 at location x3 3m 15 (cf. cmana) desku des shake x1 shakes/quakes/trembles/quivers/shudders/wobbles/vibrates from force x2 1g 46 [also (expressible either with desku or slilu): side to side, to and fro, back and forth, reciprocal motion]; (cf. slilu, janbe) detri det date x1 is the date [day,{week},{month},year] of event/state x2, at location x3, by calendar x4 3e 29 (time units in x1 are specified as numbers separated by pi'e or are unit values massified with joi); (cf. cmavo list de'i, djedi, jeftu, masti, nanca, tcika) dicra dir interrupt 'disturb, disrupt' x1 (event) interrupts/stops/halts/[disrupts] x2 (object/event/process) due to quality x3 4d 60 [also disturbs (one sense)]; (cf. zunti, fanza, raktu, denpa) dikca dic electric 'charge' x1 is electricity [electric charge or current] in/on x2 of polarity/quantity x3 (def. negative) 7g 4 [(x3, a quantifier, can be expressed as a simple polarity using the numerals for positive and negative ma'u and ni'u); (explicitly) negative (= dutydikca), positive (= mardikca); current (= (sel)muvdikca; again default negative/electron current), charge (= klodikca, stadikca)]; (cf. lindi, xampo, flecu, maksi, tcana) diklo klo local x1 is local to x2; x1 is confined to locus x2 within range x3 5d 426 [indicates a specific location/value within a range; e.g. a hits b. What is the locality on b that a hits? Thus x1 is associated with a specific narrow region/interval x2 of wider space/range x3]; (cf. cmavo list di'o, jibni, zvati, cpana, nenri, lamji, stuzi, tcila) dikni dik regular 'cyclical' x1 is regular/cyclical/periodic in property (ka)/activity x2 with period/interval x3 9b 6 [also uniform; resonant (= dikslicai)]; (cf. slilu, rilti, xutla, manfo, boxna) dilcu quotient 'division' x1 is a quotient of 'x2/x3' [dividend x2 divided by divisor x3], leaving remainder x4 7e 3 (cf. frinu, fendi, katna, parbi, mekso) dilnu dil cloud x1 is a cloud/mass of clouds of material x2 in air mass x3 at floor/base elevation x4 4h 28 (cf. carvi, tcima) dimna dim fate 'doom' x1 is a fate/destiny of x2; [doom, curse are mabla-forms]; x2 is fated/predestined/doomed to x1 a 8 [fated/destined/doomed (= seldimna)]; (cf. dapma) dinju dij di'u building x1 is a building/edifice for purpose x2 2k 153 (cf. ginka, zdani, zarci) dinko di'o nail x1 is a nail/tack [pointed driven/frictional fastener] of type/size x2 (ka), made of material x3 ao 0 (x2 also can be ni abstraction); (cf. pijne, lasna) dirba dib dear x1 is dear/precious/darling to x2; x1 is emotionally valued by x2 9d 18 [x1 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posydirba for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. tcika, kargu, vamji, vajni, pleji, jadni, jemna) dirce di'e radiate x1 radiates/emits x2 under conditions x3 7j 14 (cf. gusni) dirgo dig drop x1 is a drop [small, cohesive shape] of material [liquid/vapor] x2 in surrounding material x3 4h 15 (cf. daplu, bidju) dizlo diz dzi low x1 is low/down/downward in frame of reference x2 as compared with baseline/standard height x3 2d 91 [also lower; x3 is generally some defined distance above a zero point/baseline, or is that baseline itself]; (cf. cnita, galtu, gapru, farna, loldi) djacu jac jau water 'aqua-' x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity/expanse of water; (adjective:) x1 is aqueous/[aquatic] 4h 106 [aquatic (= jaupli)]; (cf. lalxu, rirxe, xamsi, limna, litki, lumci, bumru, jinto) djedi dje dei full day x1 is x2 full days in duration (default is 1 day) by standard x3; (adjective:) x1 is diurnal 3e 159 [today (= cabdei); tomorrow (= bavlamdei); yesterday (= prulamdei)]; (cf. donri, detri, jeftu, masti, nanca, nicte, tcika) djica dji desire x1 desires/wants/wishes x2 (event/state) for purpose x3 3l 500 [if desire is for an object, this is sumti-raising; use tu'a in x2 (or use lujvo = po'edji)]; (cf. taske, xagji, mukti, nitcu, nelci, pacna, prami, rigni, trina, xebni, xlura) djine jin ring x1 is a ring/annulus/torus/circle [shape/form] of material x2, inside diam. x3, outside diam. x4 9b 6 [also ellipse, oval (= jincla); (usage has been for near-circles, such as tight spirals, even if not closed loops)]; [also band, belt, encircle (= jinsru)]; (cf. clupa, cukla, dasri, karli, sovda, sruri, konju) djuno jun ju'o know x1 knows fact(s) x2 (du'u) about subject x3 by epistemology x4 1h 375 [words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place; know how to - implying knowledge of method but not necessarily having the ability to practice (= tadjyju'o)] (cf. know/familiar with: se slabu, na'e cnino, na'e fange; cmavo list du'o, cilre, certu, facki, jijnu, jimpe, senpi, smadi, kakne, birti, mipri, morji, saske, viska) do don doi you pro-sumti: you listener(s); identified by vocative 1d 0 donri dor do'i daytime x1 is the daytime of day x2 at location x3; (adjective:) x1 is diurnal (vs. nocturnal) 3e 14 (cf. nicte, djedi, tcika) dotco dot do'o German 'Deutsch' x1 reflects German/Germanic culture/nationality/language in aspect x2 ab 12 (cf. ropno) draci drama x1 is a drama/play about x2 [plot/theme/subject] by dramatist x3 for audience x4 with actors x5 5g 19 [x2 may also be a convention] (cf. finti, cukta, lisri, cfika) drani dra correct 'right' x1 is correct/proper/right/perfect in property/aspect x2 (ka) in situation x3 by standard x4 1h 91 (cf. srera, mapti) drata dat other x1 isn't the-same-thing-as/is different-from/other-than x2 by standard x3; x1 is something else 2g 351 (cf. mintu, frica) drudi rud dru roof x1 is a roof/top/ceiling/lid of x2 2k 30 (cf. bitmu, stedu, galtu, gapru, loldi, marbi, gacri, mapku; a drudi is (designed to be) over/above something and shelters it from other things above the drudi, mapku) du dub du'o same identity as identity selbri; = sign; x1 identically equals x2, x3, etc.; attached sumti refer to same thing 1 0 [It is very un-Lojbanic to translate the generic English copula 'is' by this word]; (cf. mintu) du'u dum bridi abstract abstractor: predication/bridi abstractor; x1 is predication [bridi] expressed in sentence x2 at 0 (cf. mintu, dunli) dugri dug logarithm x1 is the logarithm of x2 with base x3 ar 1 (cf. tenfa) dukse dus du'e excess x1 is an excess of/too much of x2 by standard x3 3m 178 [cloying (= maldu'e, tolpu'adu'e)]; (cf. bancu, banzu, ricfu, zmadu) dukti dut opposite 'contrary' x1 is polar opposite from/contrary to x2 in property/on scale x3 (property/si'o) 3j 20 (cf. ranxi, ragve, fatne) dunda dud du'a give 'donate' x1 [donor] gives/donates gift/present x2 to recipient/beneficiary x3 [without payment/exchange] 2b 217 [also grants; x3 is a receiver (= terdu'a for reordered places); the Lojban doesn't distinguish between or imply possession transfer or sharing; x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posydu'a, posyseldu'a for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. benji, muvdu, canja, pleji, vecnu, friti, sfasa, dapma, cnemu, prali) dunja duj freeze 'jell' x1 freezes/jells/solidifies at temperature x2 and pressure x3 4h 27 (cf. febvi, lunsa, runme, sligu) dunku duk du'u anguish x1 is anguished/distressed/emotionally wrought/stressed by x2 4d 25 (cf. fengu, surla) dunli dun du'i equal x1 is equal/congruent to/as much as x2 in property/dimension/quantity x3 6k 93 [same in quantity/quality (not necessarily in identity); 'analogy' may be expressed as the equivalence of two properties of similarity (ka x1 simsa x2) and (ka x3 simsa x4)]; (cf. cmavo list du'i, satci, frica, simsa, mintu) dunra dur winter x1 is winter/wintertime [cold season] of year x2 at location x3 3e 18 (cf. citsi, crisa, critu, vensa) dzena dze elder x1 is an elder/ancestor of x2 by bond/tie/degree x3; x1's generation precedes x2's parents 4b 12 (cf. patfu, rirni, tamne) dzipo zip zi'o Antarctican x1 reflects Antarctican culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2 ab 5 (cf. ketco, friko, sralo, terdi) facki fak fa'i discover 'find' x1 discovers/finds out x2 (du'u) about subject/object x3; x1 finds (fi) x3 (object) 4d 128 (cf. cirko, djuno, jijnu, smadi, sisku) fadni fad ordinary x1 [member] is ordinary/common/typical/usual in property x2 (ka) among members of x3 (set) 6f 14 [also: x2 is a normal/common/ordinary/typical property among set x3 (= selterfadni for reordered places); also regular, (mabla forms:) banal, trite, vulgar; (x3 is complete set)]; (cf. cafne, rirci, kampu, lakne, tcaci, cnano) fagri fag fire x1 is a fire/flame in fuel x2 burning-in/reacting-with oxidizer x3 (default air/oxygen) a 52 (cf. jelca, sacki) falnu fan sail x1 is a sail for gathering propelling material x2 on vehicle/motor x3 ao 2 [waterwheel (= jacfanxi'u)]; (cf. bloti) famti aunt or uncle x1 is an aunt/uncle of x2 by bond/tie x3; x1 is an associated member of x2's parent's generation 4b 2 (cf. bruna, mamta, mensi, patfu, rirni, tamne) fancu function x1 is a function/single-valued mapping from domain x2 to range x3 defined by expression/rule x4 7e 0 (cf. mekso, bridi) fange alien 'foreign' x1 is alien/foreign/[exotic]/unfamiliar to x2 in property x3 (ka) 6f 57 (cf. cizra, jbena, ckini) fanmo fam fa'o end 'final' x1 is an end/finish/termination of thing/process x2; [not necessarily implying completeness] 2c 80 [x1 is final/last/at the last; x1 is a terminal/terminus of x2; x1 is the final/terminated state of terminated process x2; x2 terminates/ceases/stops/halts at x1 (= selfa'o for reordered places)]; (cf. krasi, cfari, mulno, sisti, denpa, jipno, kojna, traji, krasi) fanri factory 'foundry' x1 is a factory/foundry/industrial plant/mill producing x2 from materials x3 8c 0 (cf. molki, gundi) fanta prevent x1 prevents/keeps/stops/restrains/constrains event x2 from occurring 8g 10 (cf. pinfu, bandu, zunti, rinju, jimte, bapli, rivbi) fanva translate x1 translates text/utterance x2 to language x3 from language x4 with translation result x5 1h 83 (cf. cusku, bangu) fanza faz annoy x1 (event) annoys/irritates/bothers/distracts x2 a 46 [also: is disruptive to]; (cf. fengu, raktu, dicra, tunta, zunti, jicla) fapro fap pro oppose x1 opposes/balances/contends against opponent(s) x2 (person/force ind./mass) about x3 (abstract) a 17 [also resists]; (cf. bandu, bradi, darlu, damba, jivna, lanxe, rivbi, sarji, xarnu) farlu fal fa'u fall x1 falls/drops to x2 from x3 in gravity well/frame of reference x4 2b 141 [note: things can fall in spin, thrust, or tide as well as gravity; (agentive "drop" = one of two lujvo: falcru and falri'a)] (cf. lafti, cpare, klama, sfubu) farna far fa'a direction x1 is the direction of x2 (object/event) from origin/in frame of reference x3 5d 22 [x2 is towards x1 from x3 (= selfa'a for reordered places)]; (cf. zunle, pritu, galtu, gapru, cnita, dizlo, berti, snanu, stuna, stici, purci, balvi, lidne) farvi fav develop 'evolve' x1 develops/evolves towards/into x2 from x3 through stages x4 8f 16 (cf. pruce, banro, makcu, ciste, cupra, ferti) fasnu fau event 'happen' x1 (event) is an event that happens/occurs/takes place; x1 is an incident/happening/occurrence 3b 234 (cf. cmavo list fau, krefu, lifri, fatci, rapli; gasnu, zukte, if specifically agentive, banli) fatci fac fact x1 (du'u) is a fact/reality/truth/actuality, in the absolute 3j 38 (cf. datni, jitfa, sucta, xanri, jetnu, fasnu, zasti, cfika, saske) fatne fat fa'e reverse x1 [sequence] is in reverse order from x2 [sequence]; x1 (object) is inverted from x2 (object) 3j 10 [also opposite (one sense)]; (cf. cmavo list fa'e, dukti) fatri fai distribute x1 is distributed/allotted/allocated/shared among x2 with shares/portions x3; (x2/x3 fa'u) 8c 22 [also spread, shared out, apportioned; agentive distribution (= fairgau, fairzu'e)]; (cf. cmavo list fa'u, fendi, preja, katna, tcana) febvi feb boil x1 boils/evaporates at temperature x2 and pressure x3 a 9 [roil (= febjicla)]; (cf. dunja, lunsa, runme) femti fem 1E-15 metric 'femto' x1 is 1x10**-15 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) fendi fed divide x1 (agent) divides/partitions/separates x2 into sections/parts/ind. x3 by method/partition x4 9b 50 [also segments]; (cf. sepli, bitmu, fatri, dilcu, katna, frinu) fengu feg fe'u angry x1 is angry/mad at x2 for x3 (action/state/property) 3c 40 (cf. fanza, dunku) fenki fek crazy 'frenzy' x1 (action/event) is crazy/insane/mad/frantic/in a frenzy (one sense) by standard x2 4d 15 (cf. bebna, racli, xajmi) fenra fer fe'a crack x1 is a crack/fissure/pass/cleft/ravine/chasm/[defect/flaw] [shape/form] in x2 9b 106 (cf. kevna, cfila, jinto) fenso fen fe'o sew x1 sews/stitches/sutures materials x2 (ind./set) together with tool(s) x3, using filament x4 a 4 (x2 if a set must be a complete specification); (cf. cilta, jivbu, jorne, nivji, pijne, lasna) fepni fep fei cent 'penny' x1 is measured in kopeck/cent money-subunits as x2 [quantity], in monetary system x3 5e 36 [also pfennig, paisa, sen, fen, dinar, etc.; x1 is generally a price/cost/value]; (additional secondary, tertiary, etc. subunit places may be added as x4, x5, x6, ...); (cf. sicni, jdini, jdima, vecnu, rupnu, dekpu, gutci, minli, merli, bunda, kramu) fepri lung 'pulmonary' x1 is a/the lung [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: breathing/respiratory apparatus/bellows] aa 0 [also (adjective:) x1 is pulmonary]; (cf. pambe, vasxu) ferti fre fertile x1 is fertile/conducive for supporting the growth/development of x2; x1 is fruitful/prolific a 15 [also fecund (note that the Lojban covers both potential and actual/realized fertility)]; (cf. vanbi, sidju, rorci, farvi, banro, cange) festi fes waste x1(s) is/are waste product(s) [left to waste] by x2 (event/activity) a 20 [also shit, crap; agentive wasting (= fesygau, fesyzu'e)]; (cf. xaksu, kalci, pinca) fetsi fet fe'i female 'fem-' x1 is a female/doe of species x2 evidencing feminine trait(s) x3 (ka); x1 is feminine 4b 13 (cf. nakni) figre fig fig x1 is a fig [fruit/tree] of species/strain x2 aj 0 (cf. grute) filso fis Palestinian 'Philistine' x1 reflects Palestinian culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 1 (cf. jordo, xebro) finpe fip fi'e fish 'fin' x1 is a fish of species x2 [metaphorical extension to sharks, non-fish aquatic vertebrates] 5b 46 (cf. danlu) finti fin fi'i invent x1 invents/creates/composes/authors x2 for function/purpose x3 from existing elements/ideas x4 8b 120 [x1 is creative/inventive]; (cf. cmavo list fi'e, ciska, pemci, zbasu, larcu, specific works of authorship, prosa, skina) flalu fla law x1 is a law specifying x2 (state/event) for community x3 under conditions x4 by lawgiver(s) x5 8d 5 [x1 is a legality; x2 is legal/licit/legalized/a legality (= selfla for reordered places)]; (cf. javni, ritli, zekri, pulji, tinbe) flani flute x1 is a flute/pipe/fife/recorder [flute-like/air-reed musical instrument] ak 1 (cf. zgike) flecu fle flow 'flush' x1 is a current/flow/river of/in x2 flowing in direction to/towards x3 from direction/source x4 a 85 [x1 is a stream of x2; x2 is a fluid [gas or liquid] (= selfle for reordered places); x1 flushes toward x3; flush (= caifle, sukfle)]; (cf. rirxe, senta where no directionality is implied, rinci, xampo, dikca, sakci, gapci, litki, ciblu) fliba fli fail 'baffle' x1 fails at doing x2 (state/event); x1 is a failure at its role in x2 8g 4 [baffled (= pesfli, jmifli, dafspufli, menfli, among other senses); also x2 ceases/does not complete/fails to continue due to failure on the part of x1]; (cf. cfila, snada, srera, troci, sisti, ranji, denpa, bebna, zunti) flira fir face x1 is a/the face [head/body-part] of x2; (adjective:) x1 is facial 1c 45 (cf. sefta, stedu, crane, mebri) fo'a fo'a it-6 pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #6 (specified by goi) at 0 fo'e fo'e it-7 pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #7 (specified by goi) at 0 fo'i fo'i it-8 pro-sumti: he/she/it/they #8 (specified by goi) at 0 foldi flo foi field x1 is a field [shape/form] of material x2; x1 is a broad uniform expanse of x2 9b 24 [also woods (= ricfoi), lawn/meadow (= sasfoi), brush (= spafoi, cicyspafoi)]; (cf. purdi, cange) fonmo fom fo'o foam x1 is a quantity of foam/froth/suds of material x2, with bubbles/vacuoles of material x3 a 1 (cf. zbabu) fonxa fon telephone x1 is a telephone transceiver/modem attached to system/network x2 2n 40 (cf. tcana) forca fro fork x1 is a fork/fork-type tool/utensil for purpose x2 with tines/prongs x3 on base/support x4 5c 16 (cf. dakfu, smuci, komcu, tutci) fraso fas French 'France' x1 reflects French/Gallic culture/nationality/language in aspect x2 ab 19 (cf. ropno) frati fra react x1 reacts/responds/answers with action x2 to stimulus x3 under conditions x4; x1 is responsive 2b 21 [x3 stimulates x1 into reaction x2, x3 stimulates reaction x2 (= terfra for place reordering); attempt to stimulate, prod (= terfratoi, tunterfratoi)]; (cf. preti, danfu, spuda, cpedu, tarti) fraxu fax forgive x1 forgives x2 for event/state/activity x3 4d 25 (cf. dunda, curmi, zungi) frica fic differ x1 differs/is distinct from/contrasts with/is unlike x2 in property/dimension/quantity x3 2g 46 [also other-than (less common meaning)]; (cf. ranxi, drata, dunli, simsa, vrici) friko fi'o African x1 reflects African culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2 ab 3 (cf. ropno, xazdo) frili fil easy 'freely' x1 (action) is easy/simple/facile for x2 (agent) under conditions x3; x2 does x1 freely/easily 1i 63 (cf. nandu, sampu, zifre) frinu fraction x1 is a fraction, with numerator x2, denominator x3 (x2/x3) 7e 1 (cf. parbi, dilcu, mekso, fendi) friti fit offer x1 offers/proffers x2 [offering] to x3 with conditions x4 8d 12 [(x4 may be nu canja, nu pleji, etc.; an unconditional offering has the 'condition' of acceptance); x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posfriti, posyselfriti for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. canja, dunda, rinsa, vecnu, jdima, cnemu, pleji, vitke) frumu fru frown x1 frowns/grimaces (facial expression) 4d 5 [x1 frowns/grimaces at/in reaction to x2 (= frufra)]; (cf. cmila, cisma) fukpi fuk fu'i copy x1 is a copy/replica/duplicate/clone of x2 in form/medium x3 made by method x4 (event) 8b 7 (cf. krefu, rapli, gidva); [borrowing (=fu'ivla)] fulta ful flu float x1 (passive) floats on/in fluid (gas/liquid) x2; x1 is buoyant 7f 7 (cf. limna, bloti, sakli) funca fun fu'a luck 'fortune' x1 (event/property) is determined by the luck/fortune of x2; (note mabla/zabna not implied) 4d 17 (cf. cunso, mabla, zabna) fusra fur rotten 'rot' x1 rots/decays/ferments with decay/fermentation agent x2; x1 is rotten/decayed/fermented a 1 (cf. birje, vanju, vifne) fuzme fuz fu'e responsible x1 is responsible/accountable for x2 (action/resulting state) to judge/authority x3 8c 55 (cf. bilga) gacri gai cover x1 is a cover/[lid/top] for covering/concealing/sheltering x2 9f 83 (cf. pilka, gapru, marbi, drudi, ve botpi, bitmu, calku) gadri gad article x1 is an article/descriptor labelling description x2 (text) in language x3 with semantics x4 2a 11 [x2 is the noun phrase/sumti without the article/descriptor; description ((x1 with x2) = gadysu'i); note: 'determiner' has become the accepted general linguistics term, displacing 'article'; however, 'determiner' includes all words that can introduce a noun phrase/sumti, whether a description or not, such as pronoun possessives like lemi, quantifiers (especially in indefinites) like ci and su'o, and demonstratives like ti, ta, and tu; the term 'descriptor' in Lojban, is limited to words that introduce descriptions (excluding indefinites), such as those of selma'o LA and LE, their common compounds such as lemi, and possibly lenu]; 'article' typically refers only to a single word; Lojban assumes the broader meaning] (cf. valsi, cmavo) galfi gaf ga'i modify 'alter' x1 (event) modifies/alters/changes/transforms/converts x2 into x3 2c 97 [causal, resultative change; agentive modification (= gafygau, gafyzu'e)]; (cf. stika for non-resultative, binxo for not-necessarily causal change, cenba for non-resultative change; zasni) galtu gal ga'u high x1 is high/up/upward in frame of reference x2 as compared with baseline/standard height x3 2d 123 [also upper; x3 is generally some defined distance above a zero point/baseline, or is that baseline itself]; (cf. gapru, dizlo, cnita, drudi, farna) galxe throat 'gullet' x1 is a/the throat/gullet [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: narrow(ing) opening of a deep hole] aa 6 (cf. cnebo, kevna, tunlo) ganlo ga'o closed x1 (portal/passage/entrance-way) is closed/shut/not open, preventing passage/access to x2 by x3 1e 28 [as a doorway, but also perhaps a semi-permeable membrane]; (cf. kalri, pagre, canko, vorme, zunti) ganra gan broad x1 is broad/wide in dimension x2 [2nd most significant dimension] by standard x3 6f 76 (cf. clani, jarki, rotsu, condi, barda, gutci, minli) ganse gas ga'e sense x1 [observer] senses/detects/notices stimulus property x2 (ka) by means x3 under conditions x4 4d 70 [x1 is sensitive to x2; also feels, spots, perceives, makes out, discerns/recognizes (but only implying reaction without necessarily any significant mental processing); note that the emphasis is on a property which stimulates x1 and is detected (sanji is passive about the sensing, and is not limited to sensory input, as well as presuming some kind of discernment/recognition, while not being concerned with the means of detection); x3 sense/sensory channel]; (cf. pencu, sanji, viska, sumne, tirna, zgana, canci, simlu) ganti gonad 'testes' x1 is a/the testes/ovary/testicle/scrotum/balls/gonad/stamen/pistil [body-part] of x2, gender x3 aa 2 [egg/sperm/pollen/gamete producing/bearing organ]; (cf. plibu, sovda, pinji, gutra, mabla) ganxo gax anus 'asshole/arsehole' x1 is a/the anus/anal orifice/asshole/arsehole [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: exit, waste exit] aa 4 [also asshole/ass/arsehole; (adjective:) x1 is anal]; (cf. zargu, kalci, mabla, rinci) ganzu gaz organize x1 organizes x2 [relative chaos] into x3 [ordered/organized result] by system/principle(s) x4 8c 16 [x3 is also a system; x4 could be merely a function which inherently serves to dictate the organizational structure of x3]; (cf. ciste, morna, stura, bilni, cabra) gapci gac gas x1 is gaseous/fumes/a gas/vapor of material/composition including x2, under conditions x3 6b 7 [x3 includes temperature and pressure]; (cf. pambe, vacri, litki, sligu, danmo, bumru, cidro, flecu) gapru gap above 'up' x1 is directly/vertically above/upwards-from x2 in gravity/frame of reference x3 2d 202 (cf. tsani, galtu, cnita, drudi, gacri, dizlo, farna) garna gar rail 'bar' x1 is a rail/railing/bar [tool] supporting/restraining x2, of material x3 9b 0 (cf. kamju, grana, tutci) gasnu gau do x1 [person/agent] is an agentive cause of event x2; x1 does/brings about x2 2e 142 (cf. cmavo list gau, gunka, zukte, rinka, fasnu for non-agentive events, jibri, kakne, pilno) gasta gat steel x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains steel of composition including x2 6b 19 (cf. jinme, molki, tirse) genja gej root x1 is a root [body-part] of plant/species x2; [metaphor: immobile, supporting, nourishing] aj 2 (cf. jamfu, jicmu, patlu, samcu, spati, krasi) gento get ge'o Argentinian x1 reflects Argentinian culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 4 (cf. xispo, ketco, spano) genxu gex hook x1 is a hook/crook [shape/form] of material x2 ao 0 (cf. kruvi, korcu) gerku ger ge'u dog x1 is a dog/canine/[bitch] of species/breed x2 ai 175 (cf. lorxu, labno, mlatu) gerna gen ge'a grammar x1 is the grammar/rules/defining form of language x2 for structure/text x3 1h 91 (cf. bangu, stura, cmavo, jufra) gidva gid gi'a guide x1 (person/object/event) guides/conducts/pilots/leads x2 (active participants) in/at x3 (event) 5d 17 [a guiding person advises/suggests/sets an example to be followed, but does not necessarily control/direct/manage actual execution of an event; an event may serve as a guide by setting a pattern/example to be emulated]; (cf. jitro, ralju, sazri, te bende, jatna, fukpi, morna) gigdo gig gi'o 1E9 metric 'giga' x1 is a billion [British milliard] [1x10**9] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) ginka gik camp x1 is a camp/encampment/temporary residence of x2 at location x3 ap 0 (cf. dinju, xabju, zdani) girzu gir gri group x1 is group/cluster/team showing common property (ka) x2 due to set x3 linked by relations x4 7c 94 [also collection, team, comprised of, comprising; members x3 (a specification of the complete membership) comprise group x1; cluster (= kangri)]; (cf. bende, ciste, cmima, gunma, panra, cabra, cecmu, kansa, klesi, lanzu, liste, vrici) gismu gim gi'u root word x1 is a (Lojban) root word expressing relation x2 among argument roles x3, with affix(es) x4 1b 554 [gismu list, if physical object (= (loi) gimste); referring to the mental construct (e.g. propose adding a new gismu to the gismu list = gimpoi, gimselcmi, gimselste)]; (cf. cmavo, cmene, lujvo, smuni, sumti, tanru, valsi) glare gla hot 'warm' x1 is hot/[warm] by standard x2 2g 0 [warm (= mligla), feverish (= bi'agla)]; (cf. lenku) gleki gek gei happy 'gay' x1 is happy/gay/merry/glad/gleeful about x2 (event/state) 3c 170 [adversity (= kamnalgei)]; (cf. badri, cinmo) gletu let gle copulate 'coitus' x1 copulates/fucks/mates/has coitus/sexual intercourse with x2 as 33 [x1 and x2 are symmetrical; mounts (= cpanygle)]; (cf. cinse, pinji, plibu, vibna, vlagi, mabla, speni) glico gic gli English x1 is English/pertains to English-speaking culture in aspect x2 1b 35 [generally assume broadest sense of 'English'; may refer to 'English', pertaining to the country/people/culture of England (normally requiring constraint = gligu'e, or simply redundancy = gligli-); British English, the norm language of the UK (= gliglibau)]; (cf. brito which refers to the United Kingdom as a whole or to the British empire, merko, sralo, kadno, skoto) gluta glu glove x1 is a mitten/glove [hand and lower arm garment] of material x2 ao 0 [mitten (= degycauglu)]; (cf. taxfu) gocti goc 1E-24 'yocto' x1 is 1x10**-24 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) gotro got 1E24 'yotta' x1 is 1x10**24 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) gradu rau unit 'degree, grad' x1 [magnitude] is a unit/degree of/on scale/reference standard x2 (si'o) measuring property x3 7e 0 [also grade, level, point; x3 dimension]; (cf. ckilu, kantu, kelvo, merli, ranti, selci) grake gra gram x1 is x2 gram(s) [metric unit] in mass (default is 1) by standard x3 af 1 (cf. junta, kilto, bunda, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, litce, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) grana ga'a rod x1 is a rod/pole/staff/stick/cane [shape/form] of material x2 9b 37 (cf. garna) grasu ras grease x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains grease/fat/oil from source x2 6b 10 (cf. ctile, matne, plana) greku rek frame x1 is a frame/structure/skeleton/outline supporting/load-bearing/determining the form of x2 a 0 (cf. korbi, stura, tsina, bongu) grusi rus gray x1 is gray [color adjective] 1a 48 (cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi) grute rut fruit x1 is a fruit [body-part] of species x2 6c 19 (cf. badna, dembi, figre, guzme, narge, perli, pilka, plise, spati, stagi, tamca, tsiju, tarbi, panzi, rorci, te pruce, jbari, nimre) gubni gub public x1 is public/un-hidden/open/jointly available to/owned by all among community x2 (mass) 8c 7 (cf. sivni) gugde gug gu'e country x1 is the country of peoples x2 with land/territory x3; (people/territory relationship) ab 81 [also sovereignty, domestic (as opposed to foreign), nation (when not referring to ethos)]; (cf. turni, natmi, jecta, tumla, tutra, lanci) gundi gud industry x1 is industry/industrial/systematic manufacturing activity producing x2 by process/means x3 8c 0 (cf. cupra, fanri, rutni, zbasu) gunka gun gu'a work x1 [person] labors/works on/at x2 [activity] with goal/objective x3 8c 174 [also: x1 is a worker/laborer]; (cf. sazri, gasnu, se jibri; zukte - which need not be labor; physics term 'work' = ni muvyselbai, briju, jibri, lazni, selfu) gunma gum jointly 'mass' x1 is a mass/team/aggregate/whole, together composed of components x2, considered jointly 5a 25 [A description in x1 indicates of mass property(ies) displayed by the mass; masses may reveal properties not found in the individual set members that are massified, which themselves are not necessarily relevant to the mass property implicit in this bridi]; (cf. bende, girzu, pagbu, cmavo list loi, lei, lai, ciste, cmima, kansa, tinci) gunro gur gu'o roll 'trundle' x1 rolls/trundles on/against surface x2 rotating on axis/axle x3; x1 is a roller as 10 (cf. bolci, carna, jendu, slanu) gunse goose x1 is a goose/[gander] of species/breed x2 ai 5 (cf. cipni) gunta gut attack x1 (person/mass) attacks/invades/commits aggression upon victim x2 with goal/objective x3 8g 21 (cf. bradi, damba, darxi, jamna, jenca, jursa) gurni gru grain x1 is grain/[British: corn]/cereal from plant/species x2 aj 71 (cf. bavmi, cunmi, mavji, maxri, molki, mraji, rismi, sobde, spati, zumri, nanba, sorgu) guska guk scrape x1 blade/scraper/erosive scrapes/erodes/abrades x2 from x3 as 1 [abrade, abrasive (= mosyguska)]; (cf. balre, sraku, batci, canpa, mosra) gusni gus gu'i illumine 'light' x1 [energy] is light/illumination illuminating x2 from light source x3 4d 151 [x3 illuminates/lights x2 with light/illumination x1; x2 is lit/illuminated by illumination x1 from source x3 (= selgu'i for reordered places); light/lamp (= tergu'i)](cf. dirce, manku, solri, carmi, ctino, kantu) gusta restaurant x1 is a restaurant/cafe/diner serving type-of-food x2 to audience x3 5c 45 (cf. barja, citka, kukte, sanmi, xotli) gutci guc cubit 'foot' x1 is x2 (default 1) short local distance unit(s) [non-metric], standard x3, x4 subunits al 0 [foot (= jmagutci); yard (= cibjmagutci), pace (= tapygutci), inch (= degygutci), cubit (= birgutci)]; (additional subunit places may be added as x5, x6, ...); (cf. mitre, clani, ganra, condi, rotsu, rupnu, fepni, dekpu, minli, merli, bunda, kramu) gutra womb 'uterus' x1 is a/the womb/uterus [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: nourishing, protective, giving birth] aa 2 (cf. jbena, rorci, sovda, tarbi, ganti, mabla) guzme guz zme melon x1 is a melon/squash [fruit/plant] of species/strain x2 aj 0 (cf. grute) ja jav tanru or logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought or 7a 0 jabre brake x1 brakes/causes to slow motion/activity x2 with device/mechanism/principle x3 as 0 (cf. mosra) jadni jad ja'i adorn x1 (object) adorns/decorates x2; x1 is an adornment/decoration of x2; x2 is fancy/decorated 3f 64 [fancy/decorated (= selja'i)]; (cf. jemna, dirba, batke) jakne rocket x1 is a rocket [vehicle] propelled by jet expelling x2 carrying payload x3 ao 1 (cf. cecla, danti, spoja) jalge jag ja'e result x1 (action/event/state) is a result/outcome/conclusion of antecedent x2 (event/state/process) 6a 56 [also: x2 gives rise to x1 (= selja'e for reordered places); total (general meaning, but also = mekyja'e, pi'irja'e, sujyja'e)]; (cf. se mukti, te zukte, se rinka, se krinu, se nibli, mulno, sumji, pilji, mekso, cmavo list ja'e, ciksi) jalna starch x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of starch from source x2 of composition including x3 ah 1 (cf. patlu, samcu) jalra cockroach x1 is a cockroach/[orthopteran/termite] of order/species/breed x2 ai 13 [also grasshopper (= pipyjalra); cricket (= sanjalra); locust, termite (= mantyjalra or mudyctijalra)]; (while cockroaches are an order unto themselves, they are part of Orthoptera, which includes grasshoppers, crickets, etc; termites are a closely-related non-Orthoptera, more akin to cockroaches than to e.g. ants); (cf. cinki, civla, manti) jamfu jaf jma foot x1 is a/the foot [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: lowest portion] (adjective:) x1 is pedal 1c 47 (cf. jicmu, genja, zbepi, tuple, jubme, xance, tamji) jamna jam war x1 (person/mass) wars against x2 over territory/matter x3; x1 is at war with x2 8g 17 (cf. bradi, gunta, panpi, damba, darlu) janbe jab bell x1 is a bell/chime/[tuning fork] [tuned percussion instrument] producing sound/note x2 ao 0 [also: x1 rings/tolls (i.e. if it rings, then it is a bell); resonates (one sense, = jabdesku)]; (cf. zgike, tonga, desku, slilu) janco jan shoulder x1 is a/the shoulder/hip/joint [body-part] attaching limb/extremity x2 to body x3 aa 22 (cf. birka) janli jal collide x1 collides with/crashes/bumps/runs into x2 4c 19 (also collide = simjanli for a collision between two moving objects); (cf. darxi) jansu jas diplomat 'consul' x1 is a diplomat/consul representing polity x2 in/at negotiation x3 for function/purpose x4 a 0 [(for) x3 polity, (use tu'a); also ambassador (= raljansu, trujansu)]; (cf. jecta, krati) janta jat account x1 is an account/bill/invoice for goods/services x2, billed to x3 by x4 5g 4 (cf. jdima, vamji, vecnu, canja, jerna, dejni, jbera) jarbu suburb x1 is a suburban area of city/metropolis x2 a 9 (cf. nurma, se tcadu, ve tcadu) jarco ja'o show x1 (agent) shows/exhibits/displays/[reveals]/demonstrates x2 (property) to audience x3 8c 85 [reveal (= tolmipygau, mipyja'o, sivja'o); also: x1 shows that x2, x1 shows off x2; showing an object is generally expressed with a tu'a x2, since the properties of the shown object (other than its presence) intended for observation are seldom specified (simple presence could be expressed by leka [object] cu zvati)]; (cf. tigni, cipra, zgana, jvinu, lanli, mipri, simlu) jarki jak narrow x1 is narrow in dimension x2 [2nd most significant dimension] by standard x3 6f 37 (cf. caxno, cinla, tordu, tagji, cinla, cmalu) jaspu jap passport x1 is a passport issued to x2 (person) by authority x3 allowing x4 (activity) ao 2 (cf. pikta, catni, curmi) jatna ja'a captain x1 is captain/commander/leader/in-charge/boss of vehicle/domain x2 a 1 (cf. jitro, lidne, te bende, minde, ralju, gidva, bloti) javni jva rule x1 is a rule prescribing/mandating/requiring x2 (event/state) within system/community x3 7e 11 [regulation, prescription (also x2), principle, requirement (also x2), prescribe, require (conditions are usually contained within x2); x1 is regulatory; x2, x3 are regulated]; (cf. flalu, ritli, cmavo list ja'i, marde, tcaci, tinbe, zekri) jbama bam bomb x1 is a bomb/explosive device with explosive material/principle x2 ao 0 (cf. cecla, spoja) jbari jba berry x1 is a berry (fruit/plant) of plant/species x2 5b 12 (cf. grute, tsiju, narge, grute) jbena jbe born 'bear' x1 is born to x2 at time x3 [birthday] and place x4 [birthplace]; x1 is native to (fo) x4 4b 77 [x2 bears/gives birth to x1; also x3: natal day]; (cf. fange, gutra, rorci, mamta, salci, citsi) jbera jer borrow x1 (agent) borrows/temporarily takes/assumes x2 (object) from source x3 for interval x4 3m 6 [credit (= jernu'e); borrow/assume a property or quality as a chameleon does (= zaskai, zasysmitra, zasysmitai)]; (cf. dejni, janta, zivle) jbini bin bi'i between x1 is between/among set of points/bounds/limits x2 (set)/amidst mass x2 in property x3 (ka) 2d 28 [x2 (a complete set, generally ordered) defines the bounds/limits/range for x1]; (cf. se vasru, nenri, zvati, cpana, snuji, senta, bitmu, jimte, kuspe, jibni, lamji, sruri, vanbi, midju, cmima, setca) jdari jar firm 'hard' x1 is firm/hard/resistant/unyielding to force x2 under conditions x3 6f 55 (cf. nandu, ralci, randa, ranti, tinsa, sligu, stodi) jdice jdi decide x1 (person) decides/makes decision x2 (du'u) about matter x3 (event/state) 2f 83 (cf. pajni, cuxna, kanji, manri) jdika decrease x1 (experiencer) decreases/contracts/is reduced/diminished in property/quantity x2 by amount x3 a 5 (cf. zenba, mleca, vimcu) jdima di'a price x1 [amount] is the price of x2 to purchaser/consumer x3 set by vendor x4 8d 15 [x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posydi'a, posyseldi'a for unambiguous semantics); price is something decided/set by the seller, and is closely akin to offer (friti), which is what a buyer may decide; (note that price is not he same as cost/expense, which is the actual amount exchanged in a transaction; the latter is vecnu or canja; neither is the same as "value" or vamji; in colloquial English, these are sometimes interchanged, at least partially because of the rarity of barter and bargaining in the marketplace)]; (cf. canja, friti, janta, jdini, kargu, pleji, dapma, vamji for 'value', ve vecnu for 'cost', canja, fepni, jerna, jinga, pleji, prali, rupnu, sfasa, vamji) jdini din di'i money 'dinero' x1 is money/currency issued by x2; (adjective:) x1 is financial/monetary/pecuniary/fiscal 5e 44 ['currency' sometimes is restricted to paper money (= pledi'i)]; (cf. fepni, jdima, rupnu, sicni, canja, rupnu) jduli dul jdu jelly x1 is a quantity of jelly/semisolid [texture] of material/composition including x2 ah 1 [(adjective:) x1 is gelatinous]; (cf. litki, sligu) je jev jve tanru and logical connective: tanru-internal afterthought and 7a 0 jecta jec je'a polity 'state' x1 is a polity/state governing territory/domain x2; [government/territory relationship] ab 10 [(adjective:) x1 is civil/political]; (cf. gugde, tutra, turni, natmi, jansu, lanci, cecmu) jeftu jef week x1 is x2 weeks in duration (default is 1 week) by standard x3 3e 33 [re. x3, a week may be more or less than seven days, classically being tied to the time between trips to the marketplace; this week (= cabjeftu); next week (= bavlamjeftu); last week (= prulamjeftu)]; (cf. detri, djedi, masti, nanca) jegvo jeg je'o Jehovist x1 pertains to the common Judeo-Christian-Moslem culture/religion/nationality in aspect x2 ac 24 [also Muslim]; (cf. lijda, muslo, dadjo, xriso) jei jez truth abstract abstractor: truth-value abstractor; x1 is truth value of [bridi] under metaphysics x2 7a 0 [words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place] jelca jel burn x1 burns/[ignites/is flammable/inflammable] at temperature x2 in atmosphere x3 a 9 [default x2/x3 to normal temperatures in air; ignite (= jelcfa), flammable/inflammable (usually = jelka'e or jelfrili)]; (cf. fagri, kijno, sigja, livla, sacki) jemna jme gem x1 is a gem/polished stone/pearl of type x2 from gemstone/material/source x3 6c 30 [also jewel (= jmeja'i); gemstone (= x2, x3, or jmero'i, jmekunra); pearl (= selcakyjme - a gem found inside a shell, tercakyjme - a gem made of shell material, boijme - any ball-shaped gem), mother-of-pearl (= cakyjme)]; (cf. kunra, rokci, jadni, dirba, kargu, krili, pulji) jenca jen shock x1 (event) shocks/stuns x2 4c 20 (cf. darxi, gunta, spaji) jendu jed axle 'spindle' x1 is an axle/spindle [tool] on which x2 rotates, of material/properties x3 ao 1 (cf. se carna, gunro, tutci) jenmi jem jei army x1 (mass) is an army serving group/community x2 (mass) in function x3 (activity) a 13 (cf. bilni, sonci, xarci) jerna earn x1 (agent/person) earns/[deserves/merits] wages/salary/pay x2 for work/service x3 (activity) 8c 8 [also x2 earnings, reward (= zanseljerna or nemjerna), punishment/comeuppance (= sfaseljerna, malseljerna); x3 behavior; job (= terjerna); x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posyjerna, posyseljerna for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. jibri, pleji, vecnu, cnemu, canja, jdima, jinga, prali, sfasa, janta, kargu, vamji) jersi je'i chase 'pursue' x1 chases/pursues/(physically) follows after x2; volition is not implied for x1 or x2 as 24 [x1 follows after x2]; (cf. kavbu, rivbi, kalte, lidne) jerxo jex Algerian x1 reflects Algerian culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 1 (cf. friko, xrabo, muslo, fraso) jesni jes needle x1 is a needle [pointed shape/form, not tool] of material x2 ao 2 (cf. konju, pijne, jipno, kinli) jetce je'e jet x1 is a jet [expelled stream] of material x2 expelled from x3 a 3 (cf. sputu, vamtu) jetnu jet je'u true x1 (du'u) is true/truth by standard/epistemology/metaphysics x2 3j 59 [words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place]; (cf. stace, jitfa, fatci, birti, cfika) jgalu ja'u claw 'talon' x1 is a/the claw/nail/talon [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: pointed, penetrating, physical weapon] aa 2 (cf. denci, jirna, batci) jganu jga angle x1 is an angle [2-dimensional shape/form] from vertex x2 subtended by lateral [segment] x3 7e 1 [also (adjective:) x1 is angular; x2 corner; (segment x3 can be defined by interval)]; (cf. kojna, linji, konju, mokca) jgari jai grasp 'grip' x1 grasps/holds/clutches/seizes/grips/[hugs] x2