01436 Lojban gismu list 9/26/94 01436 Draft dictionary rebaseline posted for review; Logflash format compatible Note: Metaphor usage risks cultural neutrality; physical attributes are safest. Use place structures. rafsi list baselined as of this date. Note: a complete set can be partially specified with etcetera (ce zo'e) no non 0 digit/number: 0 (digit) 3a 0 [nothing (= nomei, but also nozu'i)] milti mil .001 metric 'milli' x1 is a thousandth [1/1000; 1x10**-3] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) centi cen .01 metric 'centi' x1 is a hundredth [1/100; 1x10**-2] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 3 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) decti dec .1 metric 'deci' x1 is a tenth [1/10; 1x10**-1] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) pa pav 1 digit/number: 1 (digit) 3a 0 dekto dek 10 metric 'deka' x1 is ten [10; 1*10**1] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) xecto xet cto 100 metric 'hecto' x1 is a hundred [100; 1x10**2] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 6 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xexso, zepti, zetro) kilto ki'o 1000 metric 'kilo' x1 is a thousand [1000; 1x10**3] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro, minli) picti pic 1E-12 metric 'pico' x1 is a trillionth [1x10**-12] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) terto tet 1E12 metric 'tera' x1 is a trillion [1x10**12] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) femti fem 1E-15 metric 'femto' x1 is 1x10**-15 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) petso pet 1E15 metric 'peta' x1 is 1x10**15 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) xatsi xat 1E-18 metric 'atto' x1 is 1x10**-18 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) xexso xex 1E18 metric 'exa' x1 is 1x10**18 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, zepti, zetro) zepti zep 1E-21 'zepto' x1 is 1x10**-21 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zetro) zetro zet 1E21 'zetta' x1 is 1x10**21 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti) gocti goc 1E-24 'yocto' x1 is 1x10**-24 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) gotro got 1E24 'yotta' x1 is 1x10**24 of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) mikri mik 1E-6 metric 'micro' x1 is a millionth [1x10**-6] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) megdo meg 1E6 metric 'mega' x1 is a million [1x10**6] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) nanvi nav 1E-9 metric 'nano' x1 is a billionth/thousand-millionth [1x10**-9] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) gigdo gig gi'o 1E9 metric 'giga' x1 is a billion [British milliard] [1x10**9] of x2 in dimension/aspect x3 (default is units) ae 0 (cf. grake, mitre, snidu, stero, delno, molro, kelvo, xampo, gradu. litce, merli, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) re rel 2 digit/number: 2 (digit) 3a 0 se sel 2nd conversion 2nd conversion; switch 1st/2nd places 2a 0 ci cib 3 digit/number: 3 (digit) 3a 0 te ter 3rd conversion 3rd conversion; switch 1st/3rd places 2a 0 vo von 4 digit/number: 4 (digit) 3a 0 ve vel 4th conversion 4th conversion; switch 1st/4th places 2a 0 mu mum 5 digit/number: 5 (digit) 3a 0 xe xel 5th conversion 5th conversion; switch 1st/5th places 2a 0 xa xav 6 digit/number: 6 (digit) 3a 0 ze zel 7 digit/number: 7 (digit) 3a 0 bi biv 8 digit/number: 8 (digit) 3a 0 so soz 9 digit/number: 9 (digit) 3a 0 betfu bef be'u abdomen 'belly' x1 is a/the abdomen/belly/lower trunk [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: midsection] 1c 9 [also stomach (= djaruntyrango), digestive tract (= befctirango, befctirangyci'e)]; (cf. cutne, livga, canti) kakne ka'e able 'can' x1 is able to do/be/capable of doing/being x2 (event/state) under conditions x3 (event/state) 2e 154 [also: has talent; know how to; know how to use (= plika'e)]; (cf. stati, certu, gasnu (in the time-free potential sense), cmavo list ka'e, cmavo list nu'o, cmavo list pu'i, djuno, zifre) gapru gap above 'up' x1 is directly/vertically above/upwards-from x2 in gravity/frame of reference x3 2d 202 (cf. tsani, galtu, cnita, drudi, gacri, dizlo, farna) sucta suc abstract x1 (si'o) is abstracted/generalized/idealized from x2 [something concrete] by rules x3 9e 5 (cf. fatci, xanri) snuti nut accidental x1 (event/state) is an accident/unintentional on the part of x2; x1 is an accident 4c 26 (cf. zukte, cunso) janta jat account x1 is an account/bill/invoice for goods/services x2, billed to x3 by x4 5g 4 (cf. jdima, vamji, vecnu, canja, jerna, dejni, jbera) slami acid x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of acid of composition x2; (adjective:) x1 is acidic ah 0 [x2: composition including x2, which need not be complete specification]; (cf. slari, nimre) kramu acre x1 is x2 local area unit(s) [non-metric] (default 1) by standard x3, x4 subunits af 0 (additional subunit places may be added as x5, x6, ...); (cf. rupnu, fepni, dekpu, gutci, minli, merli, bunda) ragve rav across x1 is located across/on the other side of gap/boundary x2 from x3; x1 is opposite (fi) x3 3j 32 [also: x1 is over there (across/beyond zo'e); directly across/beyond a boundary/gap, generally at the shortest plausible distance on the other side of the boundary]; (cf. dukti, kuspe, bancu, kruca, cripu, pagre) zukte zuk zu'e act x1 is a volitional entity employing means/taking action x2 for purpose/goal x3/to end x3 2e 148 [also acting at, undertaking, doing; agentive cause with volition/purpose; also x3 objective, end]; (cf. cmavo list zu'e, bapli, gunka, jalge, krinu, mukti, rinka, snuti, gasnu, fasnu, minji, prenu, ciksi, jibri, pilno, pluta, tadji, tutci) zu'o zum activity abstract abstractor: activity (event) abstractor; x1 is abstract activity of [bridi] composed of x2 - (cf. zukte) ca'a caz actually is modal aspect: actuality/ongoing event at 0 (cf. cabna, cmavo list ca) jmina min add 'augment' x1 adds/combines x2 to/with x3, with result x4; x1 augments x2 by amount x3 5c 52 (cf. zmadu, banro, sumji, zenba, setca) judri address x1 is an address of/are coordinates of x2 in system x3 5d 25 (cf. tcita, cmene, ciste, stuzi) lamji lam la'i adjacent x1 is adjacent/beside/next to/in contact with x2 in property/sequence x3 in direction x4 2d 63 [also touching, contiguous, against]; (cf. zvati, cpana, jibni, diklo, stuzi, bartu, jbini) stika tik adjust x1 (event) adjusts/regulates/changes x2 (ka/ni) in amount/degree x3 a 15 [non-resultative, agentive change]; (cf. cenba which need not be agentive, galfi which is agentive and resultative, binxo which need not be agentive but is resultative, zasni, stodi) jadni jad ja'i adorn x1 (object) adorns/decorates x2; x1 is an adornment/decoration of x2; x2 is fancy/decorated 3f 64 [fancy/decorated (= selja'i)]; (cf. jemna, dirba, batke) cuntu cu'u affair x1 is an affair/organized activity involving person(s) x2 (ind./mass); x1 is x2's business 8d 6 [also matter, concern; x2 is engaged in x1 (which is usually an abstraction) (= selcu'u for reordered places)] (cf. jikca, srana) rafsi raf affix x1 is an affix/suffix/prefix/combining-form for word/concept x2, form/properties x3, language x4 1b 219 (cf. valsi, lujvo, pagbu) lujvo luv jvo affix compound x1 (text) is a compound predicate word with meaning x2 and arguments x3 built from metaphor x4 1b 428 (cf. stura, cmavo, gismu, rafsi, smuni) friko fi'o African x1 reflects African culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2 ab 3 (cf. ropno, xazdo) tugni tug tu'i agree x1 [person] agrees with person(s)/position/side x2 that x3 (du'u) is true about matter x4 9c 54 (cf. sarxe, mapti, darlu, natfe, panpi, sarji) vacri var air x1 is a quantity of air/normally-gaseous atmosphere of planet x2, of composition including x3 5g 30 (cf. gapci, kijno, trano, tumla, vasxu, xamsi) vinji vij airplane x1 is an airplane/aircraft [flying vehicle] for carrying passengers/cargo x2, propelled by x3 7f 1 (cf. vofli, sabnu) xalka xal alcohol x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of alcohol of type x2 from source/process x3 ah 1 (cf. birje, jikru, vanju) jerxo jex Algerian x1 reflects Algerian culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 1 (cf. friko, xrabo, muslo, fraso) fange alien 'foreign' x1 is alien/foreign/[exotic]/unfamiliar to x2 in property x3 (ka) 6f 57 (cf. cizra, jbena, ckini) jilka jil alkali x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of alkali/base of composition including x2 6f 2 [(adjective:) x1 is alkaline]; (cf. sodna, bakri, sodva) da'a daz all except digit/number: all except n; all but n; (default 1) 7e 0 so'a soj almost all digit/number: almost all (digit/number) 7e 0 vlina alternation x1 is a logical alternation/disjunction, stating that x2 (du'u) and/or x3 (du'u) is/are true 7a 7 (cf. kanxe, cmavo list a, ja, gi'a, gu'a) merko mer American x1 pertains to USA/American culture/nationality/dialect in aspect x2 1b 38 (cf. brito, bemro, ketco, xispo, glico) ni nil amount abstract abstractor: quantity/amount abstractor; x1 is quantity/amount of [bridi] measured on scale x2 3b 0 (cf. klani) xampo xap xa'o ampere x1 is x2 ampere(s) [metric unit] in current (default is 1) by standard x3 af 0 (cf. dikca, flecu, centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) banfi amphibian x1 is an amphibian of species/breed x2 ai 4 (cf. danlu, respa) zdile zdi amusing 'amused' x1 (abstract) is amusing/entertaining to x2 in property/aspect x3; x3 is what amuses x2 about x1 5g 79 [also: x1 occupies x2 pleasantly; x1 is fun for x2; x2 is amused by x1; x2 has fun (at) doing x1; x1 is an amusement/entertainment/[game] for x2]; (cf. cinri, panka, xajmi for 'funny', kelci) lanli lal analyze x1 analyzes/examines-in-detail x2 by method/technique/system x3 [process/activity] 8c 21 (cf. catlu, zgana, jarco, pensi, pinka) jganu jga angle x1 is an angle [2-dimensional shape/form] from vertex x2 subtended by lateral [segment] x3 7e 1 [also (adjective:) x1 is angular; x2 corner; (segment x3 can be defined by interval)]; (cf. kojna, linji, konju, mokca) fengu feg fe'u angry x1 is angry/mad at x2 for x3 (action/state/property) 3c 40 (cf. fanza, dunku) dunku duk du'u anguish x1 is anguished/distressed/emotionally wrought/stressed by x2 4d 25 (cf. fengu, surla) danlu dal da'u animal x1 is an animal/creature of species x2; x1 is biologically animate 6c 61 (cf. banfi, cinki, cipni, finpe, jukni, respa, since, mabru, bakni) fanza faz annoy x1 (event) annoys/irritates/bothers/distracts x2 a 46 [also: is disruptive to]; (cf. fengu, raktu, dicra, tunta, zunti, jicla) danfu daf answer x1 is the answer/response/solution/[reply] to question/problem x2 1h 58 (cf. ciksi, frati, preti, nabmi, spuda for agentive response/reply, cpedu) manti ant x1 is an ant of species/breed x2 ai 135 (cf. cinki, jalra) dzipo zip zi'o Antarctican x1 reflects Antarctican culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2 ab 5 (cf. ketco, friko, sralo, terdi) ganxo gax anus 'asshole/arsehole' x1 is a/the anus/anal orifice/asshole/arsehole [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: exit, waste exit] aa 4 [also asshole/ass/arsehole; (adjective:) x1 is anal]; (cf. zargu, kalci, mabla, rinci) sepli sep sei apart 'separate' x1 is apart/separate from x2, separated by partition/wall/gap/interval/separating medium x3 6f 47 [also aloof (= jiksei); alone (= rolsmisei meaning apart or unlike all others of its kind; pavysei, seirpavmei meaning "only" or "one alone" - do not use when talking about, for example, two people who are alone); x3 space]; (cf. bitmu, snuji, senta, fendi, curve, jinsa, bitmu, marbi) cabra ca'a apparatus x1 is apparatus/mechanism/device/equipment for function x2 controlled/[triggered] by x3 (agent) 7g 5 [form determined by/from function; does not imply automated/automatic action - requires an external agent/trigger (a minji may be a zmiku cabra if it requires an external agent to trigger or control the functions that it performs automatically)]; (cf. tutci, minji, finti; girzu, ganzu for organizational apparatus, pilno) plise apple x1 is an apple [fruit] of species/strain x2 5b 8 (cf. grute) zanru zar zau approve x1 approves of/gives favor to plan/action x2 (object/event) 8d 62 (cf. cmavo list zau, natfe) xrabo rab Arabic x1 reflects Arabic-speaking culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 2 (cf. sadjo, semto, lubno, rakso, sirxo) bargu bag arch x1 arches/curves over/around x2 and is made of x3; x1 is an arch over/around x2 of material x3 9b 9 [also arc; x2 need not be an object, but may be a point or volume]; (cf. cripu, kruvi, korcu, condi) gento get ge'o Argentinian x1 reflects Argentinian culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 4 (cf. xispo, ketco, spano) darlu dau argue x1 argues for stand x2 against stand x3; [an opponent is not necessary] 3j 57 (cf. fapro, jamna, sarji, talsa, sumti, tugni, casnu, damba, bradi, tavla) sumti sum su'i argument x1 is a/the argument of predicate/function x2 filling place x3 (kind/number) 1b2373 (x1 and x2 are text); (cf. bridi, darlu, gismu) birka bir arm x1 is a/the arm [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: branch with strength] 1c 57 [also elbow (= bircidni), wrist (= xanterjo'e), appendage (but jimca, rebla preferred)]; (cf. jimca, janco, xance, rebla) jenmi jem jei army x1 (mass) is an army serving group/community x2 (mass) in function x3 (activity) a 13 (cf. bilni, sonci, xarci) larcu lar art x1 (process) is an art [creative application] of craft/skill x2 (idea/activity) 8c 11 [(adjective:) x1 is artistic]; (cf. finti, zbasu, stati) gadri gad article x1 is an article/descriptor labelling description x2 (text) in language x3 with semantics x4 2a 11 [x2 is the noun phrase/sumti without the article/descriptor; description ((x1 with x2) = gadysu'i); note: 'determiner' has become the accepted general linguistics term, displacing 'article'; however, 'determiner' includes all words that can introduce a noun phrase/sumti, whether a description or not, such as pronoun possessives like lemi, quantifiers (especially in indefinites) like ci and su'o, and demonstratives like ti, ta, and tu; the term 'descriptor' in Lojban, is limited to words that introduce descriptions (excluding indefinites), such as those of selma'o LA and LE, their common compounds such as lemi, and possibly lenu]; 'article' typically refers only to a single word; Lojban assumes the broader meaning] (cf. valsi, cmavo) rutni run artifact x1 is an artifact; x1 is artificial; x1 is made/caused by people/se kulnu x2; x1 is man-made 6c 19 (cf. rarna, se zbasu, gundi, slasi) ckeji kej cke ashamed x1 feels ashamed/mortified/humiliated under conditions x2 before community/audience x3 9d 2 (cf. cinmo) xazdo xaz zdo Asiatic x1 reflects Asiatic culture/nationality/geography in aspect x2 ab 3 (cf. polno, friko, jungo, rusko, ropno) xusra xus xu'a assert x1 (agent) asserts/claims/declares x2 (du'u) is true [can be used for epistemology of authority] 3j 91 [also: x1 states/says that/affirms/purports to know that x2]; (cf. natfe which is propositional and non-agentive, nupre) sruma ru'a assume x1 assumes/supposes that x2 (du'u) is true about subject x3; [epistemology] 3l 5 [words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place]; (cf. smadi, birti) zvati zva at x1 (object/event) is at/attending/present at x2 (event/location) 4d 184 [refers to a nonce location for an object/activity that is mobile]; (cf. especially stuzi for an inherent/inalienable location, jbini, nenri, se vasru, cpana, diklo, jibni, cabna, lamji, tcini, xabju, jmive, jundi, vitke) su'o suz su'o at least digit/number: at least (some); no less than 3a 0 (cf. cmalu, mleca) su'e sup su'e at most digit/number: at most (all); no more than 3a 0 ratni rat atom x1 is an atom of element/atomic number x2 of isotope number/atomic weight x3 a 4 (cf. kantu for a basic unit of a property or activity; selci for a basic physical subunit, generally of a mass) gunta gut attack x1 (person/mass) attacks/invades/commits aggression upon victim x2 with goal/objective x3 8g 21 (cf. bradi, damba, darxi, jamna, jenca, jursa) jundi jud ju'i attentive 'attend' x1 is attentive towards/attends/tends/pays attention to object/affair x2 4d 76 (cf. kurji, zvati) trina tri attract x1 attracts/appeals to/lures x2 (person/event) with property/quality x3 (ka) 7j 45 [also: x1 is alluring to x2]; (cf. djica, nelci, rigni, xlura, maksi) darsi audacity 'dare' x1 shows audacity/chutzpah in behavior x2 (event/activity); x1 dares to do/be x2 (event/ka) a 6 [x1 is bold]; (cf. virnu) famti aunt or uncle x1 is an aunt/uncle of x2 by bond/tie x3; x1 is an associated member of x2's parent's generation 4b 2 (cf. bruna, mamta, mensi, patfu, rirni, tamne) sralo Australian x1 reflects Australian culture/nationality/geography/dialect in aspect x2 ab 5 (cf. glico) catni ca'i authority x1 has authority/is an official in/on/over matter/sphere/persons x2 derived on basis x3 8c 6 (cf. turni, tutra, krati, cmavo list ca'i, jaspu, pulji) zmiku zmi automatic x1 is automatic in function x2 under conditions x3 7g 1 (cf. macnu) critu autumn x1 is autumn/fall [harvest/cooling season] of year x2 at location x3 3e 4 (cf. citsi, crisa, dunra, vensa, crepu) rivbi riv avoid 'evade' x1 avoids/evades/shuns/escapes/skirts [fate] x2 (event) through action/state x3 (event) a 36 [also detours around, stays away from; (x1 is normally an object, but may be an event)]; (cf. bandu which is not necessarily successful, fanta, which is agentive, se jersi which implies an opposing agent, sisku, kalte, fapro) cikna cik awake (adjective:) x1 is awake/alert/conscious 6m 47 (cf. sanji, sipna, tatpi) jendu jed axle 'spindle' x1 is an axle/spindle [tool] on which x2 rotates, of material/properties x3 ao 1 (cf. se carna, gunro, tutci) xlali xla bad 'mal-' x1 is bad for x2 by standard x3; x1 is poor/unacceptable to x2 2i 95 [be careful to distinguish between a bad/unacceptable event, and a bad/unacceptable agent: x1 does poorly (= lenu ko'a gasnu cu xlali and not normally ko'a xlali)]; (cf. palci, mabla, xamgu, betri) lanxe lax balance x1 is in balance/equilibrium under forces x2 (mass) 7j 5 (cf. midju, nutli; fapro for balancing/opposing forces, nutli) balni balcony x1 is a balcony/overhang/ledge/shelf of building/structure x2 a 0 (cf. kajna) bolci bol boi ball x1 is a ball/sphere/orb/globe [shape/form] of material x2; x1 is a spherical object [made of x2] 9b 36 [also round]; (cf. bliku, cukla, bidju, gunro) badna banana x1 is a banana/plantain [fruit/plant] of species/breed x2 aj 2 (cf. grute) banxa bax bank x1 is a bank owned by/in banking system x2 for banking function(s) x3 (event) ap 0 (cf. sorcu, zarci, canja, kagni) barja bar x1 is a tavern/bar/pub serving x2 to audience/patrons x3 ap 0 (cf. gusta, birje, jikru, sanmi, vanju, xotli, ckafi, se pinxe) lunbe lub bare x1 is bare/naked/nude; x1 is without cover/clothes/[protection] a 17 (cf. taxfu, bandu) bavmi barley x1 is a quantity of barley [grain] of species/strain x2 aj 3 (cf. gurni) jicmu cmu basis x1 is a basis/foundation/underlying or fundamental principle of x2; x1 is at the bottom of x2 7j 56 [x2 is founded on basis x1 (= selcmu for reordered places); (adjective:) x1 is basic/basal/fundamental); (generally events and properties will be bases for events and states, while objects may be bases/bottoms for objects)]; (cf. cmavo list ji'u, jamfu, zbepi, genja, krasi) lanka basket x1 is a basket with contents x2, woven from material x3 ao 0 (cf. vasru, baktu) zbani bay x1 is a bay in/of coast/shoreline x2 6c 6 (cf. lalxu, xamsi) bidju bead x1 is a bead/pebble [shape/form] of material x2 9b 19 (cf. bolci, canre, lakse, dirgo) dembi deb bean x1 is a bean/pea/leguminous seed from plant [legume] x2 5b 47 (cf. grute, sobde, tsiju) cribe rib bear x1 is a bear/ursoid of species/breed x2 ai 125 (cf. danlu, mabru) melbi mel mle beautiful x1 is beautiful/pleasant to x2 in aspect x3 (ka) by aesthetic standard x4 6c 191 [also handsome, pretty, gorgeous, cute, comely, graceful]; (cf. pluka, xamgu) binxo bix bi'o become x1 becomes/changes/converts/transforms into x2 under conditions x3 2c 217 [resultative, not-necessarily agentive, change]; (cf. cenba for non-resultative, galfi for agentive, stika for non-resultative, non-agentive change; zasni) ckana cka bed x1 is a bed/pallet of material x2 for holding/supporting x3 (person/object/event) an 111 (cf. kamju, kicne, nilce, palta, cpana, vreta, jubme, stizu, matci, zbepi, palne, sarji) bifce bic bee x1 is a bee/wasp/hornet of species/breed x2 ai 0 (cf. cinki, sfani, lakse) birje beer x1 is made of/contains/is a amount of beer/ale/brew brewed from x2 2j 13 (cf. pinxe, barja, jikru, vanju, xalka, fusra) pikci beg 'supplicate' x1 begs/pleads/supplicates/entreats/implores/beseeches/prays [asks with humility] x2 for x3 9c 11 [also importune, petition, plea, solicit; x2 benefactor, patron; x3 boon, favor, gift, alms] (cf. cpedu which is more general as to manner, pindi) tarti tra behave x1 behaves/conducts oneself as/in-manner x2 (event/property) under conditions x3 9c 30 [also (adjective:) x1 is behavioral]; (cf. cnano, frati, tcaci, cilce, jikca, marde) trixe rix ti'e behind x1 is posterior/behind/back/in the rear of x2 which faces/in-frame-of-reference x3 1e 29 [also: x3 is the standard of orientation for x2; spine (= rixybo'u, rixybo'ukamju)]; (cf. crane, rebla, mlana, pritu, zunle) krici kri believe 'creed' x1 believes [without evidence/proof] belief/creed x2 (du'u) is true/assumed about subject x3 3l 99 ["without evidence" refers to objective external evidence; also gives credence, has conviction]; (cf. censa, cevni, lijda, makfa, malsi, senpi, birti) janbe jab bell x1 is a bell/chime/[tuning fork] [tuned percussion instrument] producing sound/note x2 ao 0 [also: x1 rings/tolls (i.e. if it rings, then it is a bell); resonates (one sense, = jabdesku)]; (cf. zgike, tonga, desku, slilu) cnita nit ni'a beneath x1 is directly/vertically beneath/below/under/underneath/down from x2 in frame of reference x3 2d 139 [also underside, nether]; (cf. dizlo, gapru, galtu, farna, loldi) bengo beg Bengali x1 reflects Bengali/Bangladesh culture/nationality/language in aspect x2 ab 1 (cf. xindo) korcu kro bent 'crooked, corkscrew' (adjective:) x1 is bent/crooked/not straight or direct/[twisted]/folded 6f 10 (cf. cinje, klupe, kruvi, polje, sarlu, sirji, bargu, genxu) jbari jba berry x1 is a berry (fruit/plant) of plant/species x2 5b 12 (cf. grute, tsiju, narge, grute) jbini bin bi'i between x1 is between/among set of points/bounds/limits x2 (set)/amidst mass x2 in property x3 (ka) 2d 28 [x2 (a complete set, generally ordered) defines the bounds/limits/range for x1]; (cf. se vasru, nenri, zvati, cpana, snuji, senta, bitmu, jimte, kuspe, jibni, lamji, sruri, vanbi, midju, cmima, setca) bancu bac beyond x1 exceeds/is beyond limit/boundary x2 from x3 in property/amount x4 (ka/ni) 7j 7 [on the other side of a bound, but not necessarily directly 'across' nor at the shortest plausible distance (per ragve); also not limited to position in space]; (cf. dukse, ragve, zmadu, kuspe) barda bra big 'large' x1 is big/large in property/dimension(s) x2 (ka) as compared with standard/norm x3 1e 318 (cf. banli, clani, ganra, condi, plana, cmalu, rotsu, banro, xanto) cipni cpi bird x1 is a bird/avian/fowl of species x2 6c 119 (cf. datka, gunse, jipci, nalci, pimlu, vofli, xruki, danlu) batci bat bite x1 bites/pinches x2 on/at specific locus x3 with x4 5c 83 [bite through (= ka'arbatci, batygre); pinch (= cinzybatci)]; (cf. denci, jgalu, guska, citka) kurki bitter 'acrid' x1 is bitter/acrid/sharply disagreeable to observer/sense x2 6f 6 (cf. titla, slari) xekri xek xe'i black x1 is black/extremely dark-colored [color adjective] 1a 47 (cf. blabi, grusi, manku, skari, xekri, kandi, carmi, blanu, bunre, cicna, crino, narju, nukni, pelxu, xunre, zirpu) balre ba'e blade x1 is a blade of tool/weapon x2 a 3 (cf. dakfu, tunta, tutci, guska, kinli, katna) bliku bli block x1 is a block [3-dimensional shape/form] of material x2, surfaces/sides x3 9b 8 [x3 sides/surfaces should include number, size, and shape; also polyhedron (= pitybli having flat/planar sides/surfaces)], regular polyhedron (= kubybli, blikubli), brick (= kitybli); (cf. tapla, kubli, tanbo, canlu, kojna, sefta, bolci, kurfa, tarmi) ciblu blu blood x1 is blood/vital fluid of organism x2 4c 39 (cf. risna, flecu) blanu bla blue x1 is blue [color adjective] 1a 132 (cf. skari, blabi, xekri, zirpu, kandi, carmi, cicna) tanbo ta'o board x1 is a board/plank [3-dimensional long flat rectangle] of material x2 ao 1 (cf. bliku, kubli) bloti lot blo lo'i boat x1 is a boat/ship/vessel [vehicle] for carrying x2, propelled by x3 7f 33 (cf. falnu, fulta, marce, jatna, sabnu) xadni xad body x1 is a/the body/corpus/corpse of x2; (adjective:) x1 is corporal/corporeal 1c 80 (cf. menli, pruxi, sluji, mulno, cutne) febvi feb boil x1 boils/evaporates at temperature x2 and pressure x3 a 9 [roil (= febjicla)]; (cf. dunja, lunsa, runme) jbama bam bomb x1 is a bomb/explosive device with explosive material/principle x2 ao 0 (cf. cecla, spoja) bongu bog bo'u bone x1 is a/the bone/ivory [body-part], performing function x2 in body of x3; [metaphor: calcium] aa 3 [x2 is likely an abstract: may be structure/support for some body part, but others as well such as the eardrum bones; the former can be expressed as (tu'a le ); cartilage/gristle (= ranbo'u), skeleton (= bogygreku)]; (cf. greku, denci, jirna, sarji) cukta cku book x1 is a book containing work x2 by author x3 for audience x4 preserved in medium x5 1f 163 [x1 is a manifestation/container [a physical object or its analogue] of a work/content, not necessarily using paper (= selpapri)]; (cf. cfika, prina, prosa, tcidu, papri) jbena jbe born 'bear' x1 is born to x2 at time x3 [birthday] and place x4 [birthplace]; x1 is native to (fo) x4 4b 77 [x2 bears/gives birth to x1; also x3: natal day]; (cf. fange, gutra, rorci, mamta, salci, citsi) jbera jer borrow x1 (agent) borrows/temporarily takes/assumes x2 (object) from source x3 for interval x4 3m 6 [credit (= jernu'e); borrow/assume a property or quality as a chameleon does (= zaskai, zasysmitra, zasysmitai)]; (cf. dejni, janta, zivle) botpi bot bo'i bottle x1 is a bottle/jar/urn/flask/closable container for x2, made of material x3 with lid x4 1f 79 (cf. baktu, lante, patxu, tansi, tanxe, vasru, gacri) bakni bak bovine 'ox' x1 is a cow/cattle/kine/ox/[bull/steer/calf] [beef-producer/bovine] of species/breed x2 ai 8 (cf. danlu) tanxe tax ta'e box 'trunk' x1 is a box/carton/trunk/crate for contents x2, and made of material x3 1f 40 (cf. bakfu, botpi, cutne, dacru) nanla boy 'lad' x1 is a boy/lad [young male person] of age x2 immature by standard x3 4b 44 [word dispreferred in metaphor/example as sexist; (use verba)]; (cf. nixli, verba, nanmu, bersa) besna ben brain x1 is a/the brain [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: intelligence, mental control] aa 17 [also cerebral]; (cf. menli, stedu, rango, pensi) jabre brake x1 brakes/causes to slow motion/activity x2 with device/mechanism/principle x3 as 0 (cf. mosra) jimca jic branch 'limb' x1 is a branch/bough/limb of x2; x2 forks into branches x1; [preferred over metaphorical birka] 6c 22 [also appendage]; (cf. birka, rebla, tuple) lastu brass x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of brass [copper/zinc alloy] of composition including x2 ah 7 [(adjective:) x1 is brazen)]; (cf. jinme, ransu, tunka) virnu vri brave 'valiant, virtue' x1 is brave/valiant/courageous in activity x2 (event) by standard x3 4c 46 (cf. terpa, darsi) brazo raz Brazilian x1 reflects Brazilian culture/nationality/language in aspect x2 ab 1 (cf. porto, ketco) nanba nab bread x1 is a quantity of/contains bread [leavened or unleavened] made from grains x2 5b 30 (cf. gurni, panlo, toknu) porpi pop po'i break x1 breaks/fractures/shatters/[splits/splinters/cracks] into pieces x2 4c 36 (cf. xrani, spofu, se katna) tatru tat breast 'teat' x1 is a/the breast/mammary/teat [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: projection providing liquid] aa 1 [nipple (= tatyji'o)]; (cf. ladru, mabru) vasxu vax va'u breathe 'vascular' x1 breathes/respires x2 [gas] 4d 25 (though used to make the Lojban word, clue word vascular is erroneous, actually pertaining to the circulatory system that carries the respired oxygen to the tissues); (cf. fepri, kijno, vacri) brife bif bi'e breeze x1 is a breeze/wind/gale from direction x2 with speed x3; x1 blows from x2 4h 66 (cf. tcima) cripu rip bridge x1 is a bridge/span over/across x2 between x3 and x4 [unordered, typically destination first] ao 37 (cf. bargu, kruca, ragve, kuspe) du'u dum bridi abstract abstractor: predication/bridi abstractor; x1 is predication [bridi] expressed in sentence x2 at 0 (cf. mintu, dunli) na nar bridi negator bridi contradictory negator; scope is an entire bridi; logically negates in some cmavo compounds 1d 0 brito rit British x1 reflects British/United Kingdom culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 54 (cf. glico, skoto, merko, ropno) ganra gan broad x1 is broad/wide in dimension x2 [2nd most significant dimension] by standard x3 6f 76 (cf. clani, jarki, rotsu, condi, barda, gutci, minli) spofu pof po'u broken x1 is broken/inoperable/broken down/non-utile/not usable for function x2 4c 12 [agentive break, cause to become inoperable (= pofygau, pofyzu'e); accidentally break, as a result of an event, non-agentive (= pofyja'e, nutpo'uja'e)]; (cf. daspo, katna, porpi, se xrani, cikre) ransu bronze x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of bronze of composition including x2 ah 1 (cf. jinme, tunka, lastu) bruna bun bu'a brother x1 is brother of/fraternal to x2 by bond/tie/standard/parent(s) x3; [not necess. biological] 4b 110 (cf. mensi, tunba, tamne, famti, bersa) mebri meb brow x1 is a/the brow/forehead [projecting flat/smooth head/body-part] of x2 aa 18 (cf. stedu, flira) bunre bur bu'e brown x1 is brown/tan [color adjective] 1a 63 (cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi) burcu bru brush x1 is a brush for purpose x2 (event) with bristles x3 ao 1 (cf. komcu, pinsi) baktu bucket x1 is a bucket/pail/can/deep, solid, wide-topped container of contents x2, made of material x3 ao 0 (cf. botpi, patxu, tansi, lante, lanka) xruba xub buckwheat 'rhubarb' x1 is a quantity of buckwheat/rhubarb/sorrel grass of species/strain x2 aj 3 (cf. spati) budjo buj bu'o Buddhist x1 pertains to the Buddhist culture/religion/ethos in aspect x2 ac 2 (cf. latna, lijda) dinju dij di'u building x1 is a building/edifice for purpose x2 2k 153 (cf. ginka, zdani, zarci) balji bulb 'bulge' x1 is a bulb [body-part] of plant/species x2; [metaphor: rounded, bulgy] aj 1 (cf. punli, batke) bakfu baf bundle 'pack' x1 is a bundle/package/cluster/clump/pack [shape/form] containing x2, held together by x3 9b 3 (cf. daski, dakli, tanxe) jelca jel burn x1 burns/[ignites/is flammable/inflammable] at temperature x2 in atmosphere x3 a 9 [default x2/x3 to normal temperatures in air; ignite (= jelcfa), flammable/inflammable (usually = jelka'e or jelfrili)]; (cf. fagri, kijno, sigja, livla, sacki) matne butter x1 is a quantity of/contains butter/oleo/margarine/shortening from source x2 5b 6 [(adjective:) x1 is buttery; an edible fat, solid but spreadable at normal temperatures; dairy butter (= ladmatne)]; (cf. grasu, kruji) toldi tod butterfly x1 is a butterfly/moth of species/breed x2 ai 13 (cf. cinki) zargu zag za'u buttock 'arse' x1 is a/the buttock(s)/arse/rear/seat [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: rounded surface, support] aa 0 [also ass, behind, butt]; (cf. ganxo, mabla) batke button x1 is a button/knob/[handle] on/for item x2, with purpose x3, made of material x4 a 2 (cf. jadni, balji, punji, jgari, lasna) kobli kob ko'i cabbage 'cole-' x1 is a quantity of cabbage/lettuce/leafy vegetable of species/strain x2 aj 2 (cf. stagi) sabnu cabin x1 is a cabin of vehicle x2 a 0 (cf. bloti, marce, vinji, karce) kanji kaj calculate 'reckon' x1 calculates/reckons/computes x2 [value (ni)/state] from data x3 by process x4 7e 0 (cf. kancu, jdice, skami) kumte camel x1 is a camel/llama/alpaca/vicuna/dromedary of species/breed x2 ai 3 [llama (= tcokumte), Bactrian camel (= zdokumte); Arabian camel/dromedary (= rabykumte)]; (cf. sunla, kanla, xirma, xasli) kacma camera x1 is a camera/photographic equipment recording illumination type x2 images to medium x3 6c 12 (cf. lenjo) ginka gik camp x1 is a camp/encampment/temporary residence of x2 at location x3 ap 0 (cf. dinju, xabju, zdani) lante can x1 is a can/tightly sealed/pre-sealed container for perishable contents x2, made of x3 5c 5 (cf. botpi, baktu, tinci) pu'i pus can and has modal aspect: can and has; demonstrated potential at 0 (cf. kakne) nu'o nu'o can but has not modal aspect: can but has not; unrealized potential at 0 (cf. kakne) kadno Canadian x1 reflects Canadian culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 2 (cf. bemro, glico) naxle nax xle canal x1 is a canal/channel to x2 from x3 with route x4 ap 0 [x2/x3 may be unordered]; (cf. pluta, rirxe, klaji, dargu) kenra ken cancer x1 is a cancer [malignant disease] in x2 a 0 (cf. bilma, mikce, spita) delno del de'o candela 'candle-power' x1 is x2 candela [metric unit] in luminosity (default is 1) by standard x3 af 0 (cf. centi, decti, dekto, femti, gigdo, gocti, gotro, kilto, megdo, mikri, milti, nanvi, petso, picti, terto, xatsi, xecto, xexso, zepti, zetro) mapku map cap x1 is a cap/hat/crown/helmet/piece of headgear [head-top garment] of material x2 3f 18 (cf. taxfu, stedu, drudi) jatna ja'a captain x1 is captain/commander/leader/in-charge/boss of vehicle/domain x2 a 1 (cf. jitro, lidne, te bende, minde, ralju, gidva, bloti) kavbu kav capture 'catch' x1 captures/catches/apprehends/seizes/nabs x2 with trap/restraint x3 8e 33 [catch something thrown (= rerkavbu)]; (cf. jersi, kalte, pinfu, sisku, se rinju) karce car x1 is a car/automobile/truck/van [a wheeled motor vehicle] for carrying x2, propelled by x3 4d 121 (cf. carce, xislu, marce, sabnu) tabno tab carbon x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of carbon/graphite/[diamond]/charcoal; x1 is organic ag 1 (cf. kolme) karda card x1 is a card [small nearly-2-dimensional shape/form] of material x2, shape x3 9b 2 (x3 shape default rectangular); (cf. matci, tapla, plita) mei mem mei cardinal selbri convert number to cardinality selbri; x1 is the mass formed from set x2 with member(s) x3 [x1 is a mass with N components x3 composing set x2; x2 is an n-tuple (x2 is completely specified) (= selmei for reordered places); x1 forms an n-some; x3 (not necessarily a complete enumeration) are [among the] members of x2]; (cf. cmima, gunma, cmavo list moi) bevri bev bei carry 'bear' x1 carries/hauls/bears/transports cargo x2 to x3 from x4 over path x5; x1 is a carrier/[porter] 2b 149 [alienation from x2 to x3 is implied]; (cf. marce, muvdu, benji, klama) carce cart x1 is a cart/carriage/wagon [wheeled vehicle] for carrying x2, propelled by x3 ao 3 (cf. karce, xislu, marce, matra) samcu cassava 'yam' x1 is a quantity of cassava/taro/manioc/tapioca/yam [edible starchy root] of species/strain x2 1a 2 (cf. patlu, genja, jalna) mlatu lat cat x1 is a cat/[puss/pussy/kitten] [feline animal] of species/breed x2; (adjective:) x1 is feline ai 124 (cf. cinfo, tirxu, gerku) rinka rik ri'a cause x1 (event/state) effects/physically causes effect x2 (event/state) under conditions x3 6a 296 [x1 is a material condition for x2; x1 gives rise to x2]; (cf. gasnu, krinu, nibli, te zukte, se jalge, bapli, jitro, cmavo list ri'a, mukti, ciksi, xruti) kevna kev ke'a cavity 'cave' x1 is a cavity/hole/hollow/cavern in x2; x1 is concave within x2; x2 is hollow at locus x1 6c 148 [also pit, depression, concavity; hollow (= selke'a)]; (cf. fenra, kunti, canlu, canko, galxe, tubnu) sisti sti cease x1 [agent] ceases/stops/halts/ends activity/process/state x2 [not necessarily completing it] 1g 117 (cf. fanmo, mulno, cfari, denpa, fliba) salci sla celebrate x1 celebrates/recognizes/honors x2 (event/abstract) with activity/[party] x3 9c 22 [x3 (and nunsla) festival/fiesta/celebration/occasion/fair/[holiday (some senses)]; not limited to the ameliorative interpretation of 'celebrate': funeral (= mrobixsla)]; (cf. sinma, jbena) selci sle cell x1 is a cell/atom/unit/molecule of x2; x1 is an indivisible, most basic subunit of x2 4b 6 (x2 generally has mass nature); (cf. kantu for properties, activities; ratni, gradu) fepni fep fei cent 'penny' x1 is measured in kopeck/cent money-subunits as x2 [quantity], in monetary system x3 5e 36 [also pfennig, paisa, sen, fen, dinar, etc.; x1 is generally a price/cost/value]; (additional secondary, tertiary, etc. subunit places may be added as x4, x5, x6, ...); (cf. sicni, jdini, jdima, vecnu, rupnu, dekpu, gutci, minli, merli, bunda, kramu) staku tak ceramic x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of ceramic made by x2, of composition x3, in form/shape x4 ah 1 [made of baked clay or other non-metallic solid; x3: composition including x3, which need not be complete specification]; (cf. kliti) birti bit certain x1 is certain/sure/positive/convinced that x2 is true 3l 31 (cf. jetnu, jinvi, krici, djuno, senpi, sruma) co'u co'u cessative interval event contour: at the ending point of ... even if not done; cessative | >< | - [ending (= co'u(r)-)]; (cf. sisti, fanmo) linsi lin chain 'links' x1 is a length of chain/links of material x2 with link properties x3 9f 21 (cf. skori) stizu tiz chair 'stool' x1 is a chair/stool/seat/bench, a piece or portion of a piece of furniture intended for sitting 1f 155 (cf. nilce, zutse, jubme, ckana) bakri chalk x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of chalk from source x2 in form x3 ah 2 (cf. pinsi, blabi, jilka) talsa tal challenge x1 (person) challenges x2 at/in property x3 8g 1 (cf. jinga, damba, darlu, jivna, nandu for a challenging event/situation) kalsa kas chaotic x1 is chaotic/disordered in property/aspect x2 (ka) a 29 (cf. cunso, cnici) cartu cat chart x1 is a chart/diagram/map of/about x2 showing formation/data-points x3 5d 7 (cf. platu) jersi je'i chase 'pursue' x1 chases/pursues/(physically) follows after x2; volition is not implied for x1 or x2 as 24 [x1 follows after x2]; (cf. kavbu, rivbi, kalte, lidne) cirla cheese x1 is a quantity of/contains cheese/curd from source x2 5b 20 (cf. ladru) xukmi xum xu'i chemical x1 is an instance of substance/chemical/drug x2 (individual or mass) with purity x3 ah 2 (cf. curve, cidro, marna, nimre) cutne cut chest x1 is a/the chest/thorax/upper trunk/[rib cage/breast] [body-part] of x2 aa 16 (cf. cnebo, betfu, xadni, tanxe) jipci chicken x1 is a chicken/[hen/cock/rooster]/small fowl [a type of bird] of species/breed x2 5b 18 (cf. cipni) verba ver ve'a child x1 is a child/kid/juvenile [a young person] of age x2, immature by standard x3 4b 74 [not necessarily human]; (cf. cifnu, makcu, citno, panzi, nanla, nixli, se rirni, bersa) jungo jug Chinese x1 reflects Chinese [Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu, etc.] culture/nationality/language in aspect x2 ab 10 (cf. xazdo) kliru chlorine x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of halogen of type x2 [chlorine, fluorine, iodine, etc.] ag 3 [also bromine; default chlorine] (cf. xukmi) cakla chocolate x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of chocolate/cocoa 2j 8 (cf. ckafi) cuxna cux cu'a choose x1 chooses/selects x2 [choice] from set/sequence of alternatives x3 (complete set) 2f 77 [also prefer (= nelcu'a)]; (cf. jdice, pajni, nelci) xriso xis xi'o Christian x1 pertains to the Christian religion/culture/nationality in aspect x2 ac 16 (cf. jegvo, lijda) romge rog chrome x1 is a highly reflective/polished non-tarnishing metallic surface, of metal x2 [often chromium] ag 3 (cf. jinme) sigja sig cigar x1 is a cigar/cigarette/cigarillo made from tobacco/smokable substance x2 by x3 a 0 (cf. danmo, jelca, tanko, marna) skina kin cinema x1 is a cinema/movie/film about x2 [plot/theme/subject/activity], filmmaker x3, for audience x4 5g 32 [also motion picture; x2 may be a convention rather than a subject; cartoon/animation (= selxraci'a skina); television/tv show (= tivyskina, regardless of length, factual content, etc.)]; (cf. tivni, vidni, pixra, finti) sitna sit cite x1 cites/quotes/refers to/makes reference to source x2 for information/statement x3 (du'u) 8b 0 (cf. krasi) nimre citrus 'lime' x1 is a quantity of citrus [fruit/tree, etc.] of species/strain x2 aj 3 (cf. grute, slari, slami, xukmi) tcadu tca city 'town' x1 is a town/city of metropolitan area x2, in political unit x3, serving hinterland/region x4 4d 68 [also (adjective:) x1 is urban]; (cf. jarbu, nurma, cecmu, jarbu) klesi kle lei class x1 (mass/si'o) is a class/category/subgroup/subset within x2 with defining property x3 (ka) 7c 63 [also type, kind, classification, species, genus, family, order, phylum]; (cf. cmavo list le'a, cmima, jutsi, ciste, girzu, lanzu, vrici) jgalu ja'u claw 'talon' x1 is a/the claw/nail/talon [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: pointed, penetrating, physical weapon] aa 2 (cf. denci, jirna, batci) kliti kit clay x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of clay [moist, clammy dirt] of composition including x2 ah 4 (cf. dertu, pesxu, staku) jinsa jis clean x1 (object) is clean/pure of material/contaminant/dirt x2 by standard x3 5g 14 (cf. lumci, jinru, curve, sepli) klina kli clear x1 (object/medium) is clear/transparent/without obstacle to in-the-clear x2 [transmission] 7j 32 [also lucid; x2 remains apparent/lucid/clear (figurative use for 'understandable' is discouraged, better expressed as = filseljmi)]; (cf. kandi, zunti - nalzu'i is better for 'unhindered') cpare par climb x1 climbs/clambers/creeps/crawls on surface x2 in direction x3 using x4 [limbs/tools] 2b 56 (cf. klama, litru, bajra, farlu, plipe) junla jul clock x1 is clock/watch/timer measuring time units x2 to precision x3 with timing mechanism/method x4 3e 5 [also timepiece]; (cf. cacra, mentu, snidu, tcika, temci) ganlo ga'o closed x1 (portal/passage/entrance-way) is closed/shut/not open, preventing passage/access to x2 by x3 1e 28 [as a doorway, but also perhaps a semi-permeable membrane]; (cf. kalri, pagre, canko, vorme, zunti) bukpu buk bu'u cloth x1 is an amount of cloth/fabric of type/material x2 3f 20 (cf. mapni, matli, sunla, slasi, silka) dilnu dil cloud x1 is a cloud of material x2 in air mass x3 at floor/base elevation x4 4h 28 (cf. carvi, tcima) juxre jux clumsy 'awkward' x1 (action) is clumsy/awkward by standard x2 5g 16 (cf. sluji, muvdu) kolme kol ko'e coal x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of coal/peat/anthracite/bituminous from source x2 ah 3 (cf. tabno, tarla) kosta kos coat x1 is a coat/jacket/sweater/cloak/[cape/shawl/pullover] [extra outer garment] of material x2 3f 23 (cf. pastu, sunla, taxfu) jalra cockroach x1 is a cockroach/[orthopteran/termite] of order/species/breed x2 ai 13 [also grasshopper (= pipyjalra); cricket (= sanjalra); locust, termite (= mantyjalra or mudyctijalra)]; (while cockroaches are an order unto themselves, they are part of Orthoptera, which includes grasshoppers, crickets, etc; termites are a closely-related non-Orthoptera, more akin to cockroaches than to e.g. ants); (cf. cinki, civla, manti) mifra mif code 'cipher' x1 is encoded/cipher text of plain-text x2 by code/coding system x3; x1 is in code; x3 is a code a 2 [code (= termifra)]; (cf. mipri, lerfu, sinxa) ckafi kaf coffee x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of coffee from source/bean/grain x2 2j 23 [brew based on a seed/bean/grain; e.g. also chicory coffee, decaf, postum] (cf. tcati, brewed from a leaf, barja, cakla) sicni si'i coin 'specie' x1 is a coin/token/is specie issued by x2 having value x3 of composition including x4 5e 32 (cf. fepni, jdini, rupnu) lenku lek cold 'cool' x1 is cold/cool by standard x2 2g 52 (cf. glare, bisli) karli collar x1 is a collar/ring/belt/band around/surrounding x2 made of material x3 a 1 [also sphincter]; (cf. sruri, djine) janli jal collide x1 collides with/crashes/bumps/runs into x2 4c 19 (also collide = simjanli for a collision between two moving objects); (cf. darxi) skari ska color x1 is/appears to be of color/hue x2 as perceived/seen by x3 under conditions x4 1a 30 [conditions may include lighting, background, etc.]; (cf. blanu, bunre, cicna, cinta, crino, grusi, narju, nukni, pelxu, xunre, zirpu, carmi, kandi, xekri, blabi) kamju column x1 is a column/pillar of material x2 a 18 [spine (= bogykamju), vertebra (= kamjybo'u)]; (cf. ckana, garna, sanli, slanu) komcu kom comb x1 is a comb [many-needled shape] of material x2 with tines/needles x3 ao 1 (cf. julne, forca, burcu) klama kla come x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4 using means/vehicle x5 1g1399 [also travels, journeys, moves, leaves to ... from ...; x1 is a traveller; (x4 as a set includes points at least sufficient to constrain the route relevantly)]; (cf. cadzu, bajra, marce, vofli, litru, muvdu, cpare, cmavo list ka'a, pluta, bevri, farlu, limna, vitke) kufra kuf comfort x1 feels comfort/is comfortable with conditions/environmental property(ies) x2 9d 34 (cf. cinmo) minde mid mi'e command x1 issues commands/orders to x2 for result x3 (event/state) to happen; x3 is commanded to occur 1h 91 [also: x1 orders/sets/[triggers] x2 to do/bring about x3; x1 is a commander; commanded (= termi'e)]; (cf. lacri, te bende, jatna, ralju, jitro, turni, tinbe) pinka pik comment x1 (text) is a comment/remark/observation about subject x2 expressed by x3 to audience x4 8c 107 [also: x3 comments/remarks/says x1 about x2 (= terselpinka for reordered places)]; (cf. jinvi, cusku, zgana, lanli, bacru, ciska) kamni committee x1 (mass) is a committee with task/purpose x2 of body x3 8d 11 [board of directors/trustees/cabinet (= trukamni, gritrukamni)] (cf. bende, kagni) kampu kau common x1 (property - ka) is common/general/universal among members of set x2 (complete set) 6f 24 (cf. cafne, rirci, fadni, cnano, tcaci, lakne, cmima, simxu) cecmu cem ce'u community x1 is a community/colony of organisms x2 7c 33 (cf. bende, kulnu, natmi, tcadu, jecta, girzu) kagni kag company x1 is a company/corporation/firm/partnership chartered by authority x2 for purpose x3 8c 25 [also enterprise/organization (if chartered)]; (cf. kansa, kamni, banxa, bende) karbi kab compare x1 [observer] compares x2 with x3 in property x4 (ka), determining comparison x5 (state) 7e 3 (cf. klani, mapti, sarxe, zmadu, mleca, dunli) jivna jvi compete 'rival' x1 competes/vies with opponent x2 in contest/competition x3 (event) for gain x4; x1 rivals x2 8g 48 [also x2 opponent(s), competitor(s), rival(s); x3 competition, race; x4 prize, reward, recognition (gain may be internal or external)]; (cf. cnemu, jinga, talsa, bradi, fapro, kelci) mulno mul mu'o complete x1 (event) is complete/done/finished; x1 (object) has become whole in property x2 by standard x3 7j 181 [also perfected, entirety; (adverb/adjective:) entire, total, integral, fully, totally, wholly, completely, entirely]; (cf. fanmo, culno, pagbu, xadba, prane, jalge, sumji, munje, sisti, xadni) pluja luj complicated 'complex' x1 is complex/complicated/involved in aspect/property x2 (ka) by standard x3 6f 28 [also tangled, confused]; (cf. cfipu, banli, sampu, jgena) skami sam computer x1 is a computer for purpose x2 8c 69 (cf. kanji, minji, pensi) si'o siz concept abstract abstractor: idea/concept abstractor; x1 is x2's concept of [bridi] - (cf. sidbo) lunsa lus condense x1 condenses/liquefies on/into x2 at temperature x3, pressure x4; x1 is dew/condensate on x2 a 0 (cf. cilmo, dunja, febvi, runme, bumru) konju kon ko'u cone x1 is a cone [shape/form] of material x2 with vertex x3 9b 0 [also ellipse, ellipsoid (= konclupa)]; (cf. jesni, djine, sovda, kojna, jganu) cfipu fi'u confusing x1 (event/state) confuses/baffles x2 [observer] due to [confusing] property x3 (ka) 1h 64 (cf. pluja, cfipu, zunti) ckunu ku'u conifer 'cone' x1 is a conifer/pine/fir of species/strain x2 with cones x3 aj 0 (cf. tricu) kanxe kax conjunction x1 is a conjunction, stating that x2 (du'u) and x3 (du'u) are both true 7a 5 (cf. vlina) sanji saj conscious x1 is conscious/aware of x2 (object/abstract); x1 discerns/recognizes x2 (object/abstract) 6m 48 [also: x1 knows [of] x2 (one sense); awareness implies some amount of mental processing above and beyond mere sensory detection, and may also be applied to mental relationships that are not detected by the senses]; (cf. menli, morji, ganse, sipna, cikna) stodi sto constant 'stable' x1 is constant/invariant/unchanging in property x2 (ka) in response to stimulus/conditions x3 7e 9 [also stable/consistent/steadfast/firm/steady]; (cf. cenba, stika, stali, vitno, manfo, zasni, tinsa, jdari) vasru vas vau contain 'vessel' x1 contains/holds/encloses/includes contents x2 within; x1 is a vessel containing x2 4d 71 [also accommodates, container; containment need not be total; x2 is [contained] in x1 (= selvau for reordered places)]; (cf. bartu, jbini, nenri, zvati, cpana, botpi, lanka) ranji ra'i continue x1 (event/state) continues/persists over interval x2; x1 (property - ka) is continuous over x2 9b 143 (cf. temci, kuspe, renvi, cedra, citsi, manfo, vitci, cukla, fliba, preja, tcena) jitro tro control x1 has control over/harnesses/manages/directs/conducts x2 in x3 (activity/event/performance) 8c 26 [x2 are aspects/individuals controlled within activity/event x3; manage (= selzuktro, selzukfu'e, gu'etro, gunfu'e, xaktro, xakfu'e) (as distinct from manager/boss = gunterbe'e, gunja'a, gunmi'e, gunca'i)]; (cf. cmavo list ji'o, bapli, te bende, gidva - which does not necessarily control or command, jatna, macnu, minde, ponse, ralju, rinka, sazri, turni, vlipa, xance, xlura) jukpa jup cook x1 cooks/prepares food-for-eating x2 by recipe/method x3 (process) 5c 57 [cook with heat (= glajukpa, glaterjukpa), bake (= tokyjukpa); fry (= rasyjukpa)]; (cf. cupra, bredi) tunka tuk copper x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of copper (Cu); [metaphor: reddish, electrical conductor] 5e 4 (cf. jinme, lastu, ransu) gletu let gle copulate 'coitus' x1 copulates/fucks/mates/has coitus/sexual intercourse with x2 as 33 [x1 and x2 are symmetrical; mounts (= cpanygle)]; (cf. cinse, pinji, plibu, vibna, vlagi, mabla, speni) fukpi fuk fu'i copy x1 is a copy/replica/duplicate/clone of x2 in form/medium x3 made by method x4 (event) 8b 7 (cf. krefu, rapli, gidva) skori sko cord x1 is cord/cable/rope/line/twine/cordage/woven strands of material x2 9f 3 (cf. cilta, jgena, marna, bikla, linsi) korka kok cork x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of cork/bark from tree/species x2; [material] ah 1 (cf. tricu, calku, skapi, stagi) kojna koj ko'a corner x1 is a corner/point/at-least-3-dimensional [solid] angle [shape/form] in/on x2, of material x3 9b 13 [also apex; a corner exists on three dimensions but need not be limited to points; it suggests a discontinuity in slope in some direction; i.e. in some planar cross-section]; (cf. jipno, konju, bliku, fanmo, jganu, krasi) drani dra correct 'right' x1 is correct/proper/right/perfect in property/aspect x2 (ka) in situation x3 by standard x4 1h 91 (cf. srera, mapti) kargu costly x1 (object/commodity/property/event) is costly/expensive/dear to x2 by standard x3 5e 55 [x1 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= poskargu for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. vamji, dirba, vajni, jdima, pleji, canja, jerna, jinga, jemna, sfasa, vecnu) mapni cotton x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of cotton [type of fabric/material] ah 2 (cf. bukpu) kafke cough x1 coughs/farts/burps up/out x2 [predominantly gaseous] from orifice x3 4c 5 (cf. bilma, senci, sputu, vamtu) kancu kac count x1 (agent) counts the number in set x2 to be x3 [number/count] counting [off] by units x4 3a 24 (x2 is complete set); (cf. kanji, satci, merli) gugde gug gu'e country x1 is the country of peoples x2 with land/territory x3; (people/territory relationship) ab 81 [also sovereignty, domestic (as opposed to foreign), nation (when not referring to ethos)]; (cf. turni, natmi, jecta, tumla, tutra, lanci) tamne cousin x1 is cousin to x2 by bond/tie x3; [non-immediate family member, default same generation] 4b 2 [probably preferred for metaphorical siblings (over bruna)] (cf. dzena, famti, mensi, bruna, tunba) gacri gai cover x1 is a cover/[lid/top] for covering/concealing/sheltering x2 9f 83 (cf. pilka, gapru, marbi, drudi, ve botpi, bitmu, calku) fenra fer fe'a crack x1 is a crack/fissure/pass/cleft/ravine/chasm/[defect/flaw] [shape/form] in x2 9b 106 (cf. kevna, cfila, jinto) fenki fek crazy 'frenzy' x1 (action/event) is crazy/insane/mad/frantic/in a frenzy (one sense) by standard x2 4d 15 (cf. bebna, racli, xajmi) kruji ruj cream x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of cream/emulsion/puree [consistency] of composition x2 2j 18 [x2: composition including x2, which need not be complete specification]]; (cf. ladru, matne) bende bed be'e crew 'band' x1 is a crew/team/gang/squad/band of persons x2 directed/led by x3 organized for purpose x4 ap 1 (x1 is a mass; x2 is a set completely specified); [also orchestra (= zgibe'e, balzgibe'e), outfit; x3 conductor; business, not necessarily incorporated (= cajbe'e, venbe'e)]; (cf. gunma, girzu, dansu, jatna, jitro, kagni, kamni, minde, ralju, cecmu, gidva) zekri zer zei crime x1 (event/state) is a crime/[taboo/offense/sin] to people/culture/judges/jury x2 8d 24 [taboo (= kluzei, cacyzei); sin (= madzei, jdamadzei); heresy (= jdazei)]; (cf. flalu, sfasa, zungi, palci, lijda, pajni, javni, tcaci, marde, pulji, tinbe) pi'u piv cross product non-logical connective: cross product; Cartesian product of sets at 0 kusru kus cruel x1 (person) is cruel/mean/unkind to victim x2 9c 21 (cf. xendo, jursa) pilka pil pi'a crust 'peel' x1 is a crust/rind/peel/skin/hide/outer cover of x2 9f 12 (cf. grute, calku, skapi (pilka as a general term includes skapi), gacri) krixa kix ki'a cry out x1 cries out/yells/howls sound x2; x1 is a crier 4c 53 (cf. klaku, bacru) krili crystal x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of crystal of composition x2 in form/arrangement x3 ah 5 [x2: composition including x2, which need not be complete specification]; (cf. jemna, bisli) kubli kub cube x1 is a cube/regular polyhedron/polygon of dimensions x2 (def. 3), surfaces/sides x3 (def. 6) 9b 3 (cf. kurfa - needed for 'cube', bliku for a physical object; tanbo, tapla, tarmi) gutci guc cubit 'foot' x1 is x2 (default 1) short local distance unit(s) [non-metric], standard x3, x4 subunits al 0 [foot (= jmagutci); yard (= cibjmagutci), pace (= tapygutci), inch (= degygutci), cubit (= birgutci)]; (additional subunit places may be added as x5, x6, ...); (cf. mitre, clani, ganra, condi, rotsu, rupnu, fepni, dekpu, minli, merli, bunda, kramu) kulnu klu culture x1 [mass of ideas, customs, skills, arts] is culture of nation/ethos x2 (mass); x1 is ethnic ab 45 [(note that x2 is NOT individual; culture is what is shared among people and is not an individual trait)]; (cf. cmavo list ka'u, cmavo list ku'u, natmi, cecmu) kabri cup x1 is a cup/glass/tumbler/mug/vessel/[bowl] containing contents x2, and of material x3 2j 88 [a kabri is normally eaten from by lifting it; a palta is not]; (cf. palta, citka, blaci, tansi) kucli curious x1 is curious/wonders about/is interested in/[inquisitive about] x2 (object/abstract) 9d 31 [inquisitive (= retkucli)]; (cf. manci, sisku, se cinri) dapma dap curse 'damn' x1 curses/damns/condemns x2 to fate (event) x3 a 22 [curse with a specific expression (= dapsku)]; (cf. mabla, dimna, cnemu, sfasa, dunda, cusku, cirko, jdima) murta mur mu'a curtain x1 is a curtain/blinds/drapes for covering/obscuring aperture x2, and made of material x3 5g 10 (cf. canko, vorme) kruvi ruv kru curve x1 is a curve/turn/bend in x2, at locus x3, and defined by set of points/properties x4 5d 4 [(adjective:) x1 is curved; (x4 as a set of points is sufficiently specified to identify the relevant properties of the bend)]; (cf. korcu, bargu, genxu, linji, sirji) kicne kic ki'e cushion x1 cushions x2 with material x3; x1 is a cushion/pillow/pad [for x2] of padding material x3 an 7 (cf. ckana, matci) tcaci cac custom 'habit' x1 is a custom/habit/[ritual/rut] of x2 under conditions x3 7j 20 [also: x1 is customary/usual/the practice]; (cf. fadni, kampu, lakne, jinzi, ckaji, cnano, tarti, ritli, javni, zekri) katna ka'a cut x1 (tool/blade/force) cuts [through]/splits/divides x2 (object) into pieces x3 5c 25 [for x1 force, it is a force acting as a blade, not acting upon a blade; agentive cutting (= ka'argau, ka'arzu'e)]; (cf. kakpa, sraku for cutting into without division; plixa, dakfu, jinci, porpi, spofu, tunta, xrani, fatri, fendi, balre, dilcu) cicna cyan x1 is cyan/turquoise/greenish-blue [color adjective] 1a 2 (cf. skari, blabi, xekri, kandi, carmi, crino, blanu) slanu cylinder x1 is a cylinder [shape/form] of material x2 9b 6 (cf. kamju, gunro) dansu dance x1 (individual, mass) dances to accompaniment/music/rhythm x2 5g 55 (cf. bende, zgike, zajba) manku man dark x1 is dark/lacking in illumination 1a 67 (cf. blabi, gusni, ctino; use kandi or xekri with colors, ctino) datni data x1 (du'u) [fact/measurement] is data/information/statistic(s) about x2 gathered by method x3 8b 14 [evidence (= velji'i datni or just velji'i, sidydatni)] (cf. fatci, saske, vreji) detri det date x1 is the date [day,{week},{month},year] of event/state x2, at location x3, by calendar x4 3e 29 (time units in x1 are specified as numbers separated by pi'e or are unit values massified with joi); (cf. cmavo list de'i, djedi, jeftu, masti, nanca, tcika) tixnu tix ti'u daughter x1 is a daughter of mother/father/parents x2; [not necessarily biological] 4b 23 (cf. bersa, panzi) donri dor do'i daytime x1 is the daytime of day x2 at location x3; (adjective:) x1 is diurnal (vs. nocturnal) 3e 14 (cf. nicte, djedi, tcika) morsi mro dead 'mort-' x1 is dead/has ceased to be alive 4c 244 [die/mortal (= mrobi'o, co'urji'e)]; (cf. jmive, catra, betri) dirba dib dear x1 is dear/precious/darling to x2; x1 is emotionally valued by x2 9d 18 [x1 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posydirba for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. tcika, kargu, vamji, vajni, pleji, jadni, jemna) tcica tic deceive 'cheat, trick' x1 (event/experience) misleads/deceives/dupes/fools/cheats/tricks x2 into x3 (event/state) a 36 [agentive deception (= ticygau, ticyzu'e); x3 could be an action or a belief on the part of x2; harmful intent or result is not implied (= malticyzu'e for such harmful intent); self deception (= sezytcica); deceive/trick into misguided action (= ticyxlu); misguided belief (= tickri); fib/lie/tell an untruth/lie/fib (= ticysku, jifsku), white lie (= zanticysku)]; (cf. stace, xlura, stidi, kajde) jdice jdi decide x1 (person) decides/makes decision x2 (du'u) about matter x3 (event/state) 2f 83 (cf. pajni, cuxna, kanji, manri) saclu decimal x1 (me'o) is the [decimal/binary] equivalent of fractional x2 (me'o) in base x3 (quantity) af 1 [conversion from fractions to decimal-point based notation] (cf. namcu, frinu) pi piz decimal point digit/number: base point; default decimal 7e 0 jdika decrease x1 (experiencer) decreases/contracts/is reduced/diminished in property/quantity x2 by amount x3 a 5 (cf. zenba, mleca, vimcu) condi con cno coi deep x1 is deep in extent in direction/property x2 away from reference point x3 by standard x4 6c 57 (cf. clani, caxno, bargu, ganra, rotsu, barda, gutci, minli) mirli deer x1 is a deer/elk/moose/[hart/stag/doe] of species/breed x2 ai 0 (cf. mabru, danlu) bandu bad defend x1 (event) defends/protects x2 (object/state) from threat/peril/potential x3 (event) 8g 9 [also secures (verb); x1 wards/resists x3; protective cover/shield (= badgai)]; (cf. ckape, fanta, fapro, marbi, rivbi, zunti, snura, binra, lunbe, pulji) ralci rac delicate 'fragile' x1 is delicate/fragile/subtle/refined in property x2 (ka) 7j 17 [easily damaged or rendered less pleasing/pure/effective]; (cf. jdari, ranti, tsali, milxe, kukte) kukte kuk delicious 'cooked, tasty' x1 is delicious/tasty/delightful to observer/sense x2 [person, or sensory activity] 2j 24 [x1 is a delicacy]; (cf. gusta, ralci, vrusi, cpina) denmi dem dense x1 is dense/concentrated/packed/intense in property x2 (ka) at location/locus x3 7j 48 (cf. carmi, midju, viknu) natfe naf na'e deny x1 (du'u) contradicts/denies/refutes/negates x2 (du'u) under rules/logic x3 7a 1 [also exception (= nafmupli); agentive contradict/deny (= nafxu'a or tolxu'a)]; (cf. nibli, tugni, zanru, xusra) vipsi vip deputy 'vice' x1 is a deputy/vice/subordinate in aspect [or organization principle] x2 (ka) to principal x3 a 7 [also assistant, adjutant]; (cf. krati, sidju) mabla mal derogative x1 is a derogative connotation/sense of x2 used by x3; x3 derogates/'curses at' x2 in form x1 3d 78 [bloody (British sense), fucking, shit, goddamn]; (cf. palci, dapma, xlali, zabna, funca, ganti, ganxo, gletu, gutra, kalci, pinca, pinji, plibu, vibna, vlagi, zargu) skicu ski describe x1 tells about/describes x2 (object/event/state) to audience x3 with description x4 (property) 7j 97 (cf. lisri, tavla) djica dji desire x1 desires/wants/wishes x2 (event/state) for purpose x3 3l 500 [if desire is for an object, this is sumti-raising; use tu'a in x2 (or use lujvo = po'edji)]; (cf. taske, xagji, mukti, nitcu, nelci, pacna, prami, rigni, trina, xebni, xlura) daspo spo destroy 'despoil' x1 (event) destroys/ruins/wrecks/despoils x2; x1 is destructive 4c 41 (cf. spofu, xrani, marxa, zalvi, xaksu) tcila til detail x1 is a detail/feature/particular of x2 8f 28 (cf. diklo, steci) farvi fav develop 'evolve' x1 develops/evolves towards/into x2 from x3 through stages x4 8f 16 (cf. pruce, banro, makcu, ciste, cupra, ferti) frica fic differ x1 differs/is distinct from/contrasts with/is unlike x2 in property/dimension/quantity x3 2g 46 [also other-than (less common meaning)]; (cf. ranxi, drata, dunli, simsa, vrici) nandu nad difficult 'hard' x1 is difficult/hard/challenging for x2 under conditions x3; x1 challenges (non-agentive) x2 1i 54 (cf. frili, nabmi, jdari, talsa, tinsa) kakpa dig x1 (agent) digs x2 [material] up/out of x3 [source/hole] with limbs/tool(s) x4 6f 29 [also x1 cuts into x3 (with material removal)]; (cf. katna, plixa, sraku, canpa, sraku) kandi kad dim x1 is dim/dull/pale/non-intense in property x2 (ka) as received/measured by observer x3 1a 39 [in colors, indicates unsaturated, pastel, pale (though blabi can also indicate a kind of paleness)]; (cf. blabi, carmi, klina, linto, manku, murse, ruble, skari, milxe, blanu, bunre, cicna, crino, grusi, narju, nukni, pelxu, xekri, xunre, zirpu) cimde dimension x1 (property - ka) is a dimension of space/object x2 according to rules/model x3 al 0 (cf. morna, ckilu, merli, manri) jansu jas diplomat 'consul' x1 is a diplomat/consul representing polity x2 in/at negotiation x3 for function/purpose x4 a 0 [(for) x3 polity, (use tu'a); also ambassador (= raljansu, trujansu)]; (cf. jecta, krati) farna far fa'a direction x1 is the direction of x2 (object/event) from origin/in frame of reference x3 5d 22 [x2 is towards x1 from x3 (= selfa'a for reordered places)]; (cf. zunle, pritu, galtu, gapru, cnita, dizlo, berti, snanu, stuna, stici, purci, balvi, lidne) dertu der de'u dirt x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of dirt/soil/earth/ground from source x2 of composition x3 ah 100 [also: x1 is earthen; x3: composition including x3, which need not be exhaustive of composition]; (cf. kliti, terdi, loldi) facki fak fa'i discover 'find' x1 discovers/finds out x2 (du'u) about subject/object x3; x1 finds (fi) x3 (object) 4d 128 (cf. cirko, djuno, jijnu, smadi, sisku) casnu snu discuss x1(s) (mass normally, but 1 individual/jo'u possible) discuss(es)/talk(s) about topic/subject x2 1h 107 [also chat, converse]; (cf. bacru, cusku, darlu, tavla) rigni rig disgusting 'repugnant' x1 is repugnant to/causes disgust to x2 under conditions x3 a 5 (cf. djica, nelci, trina, vamtu, xebni, pluka) runta dissolve x1 dissolves in solvent x2 forming solution/[suspension] x3 under conditions x4 a 16 [suspension (= pucyteryrunta, pu'exre)]; (cf. litki, mixre, sligu, sudga) fatri fai distribute x1 is distributed/allotted/allocated/shared among x2 with shares/portions x3; (x2/x3 fa'u) 8c 22 [also spread, shared out, apportioned; agentive distribution (= fairgau, fairzu'e)]; (cf. cmavo list fa'u, fendi, preja, katna, tcana) sfubu sub su'u dive 'swoop' x1 dives/swoops [manner of controlled falling] to x2 from x3 a 4 (cf. farlu, farlu) fendi fed divide x1 (agent) divides/partitions/separates x2 into sections/parts/ind. x3 by method/partition x4 9b 50 [also segments]; (cf. sepli, bitmu, fatri, dilcu, katna, frinu) gasnu gau do x1 [person/agent] is an agentive cause of event x2; x1 does/brings about x2 2e 142 (cf. cmavo list gau, gunka, zukte, rinka, fasnu for non-agentive events, jibri, kakne, pilno) mikce mic doctor 'medic' x1 doctors/treats/nurses/[cures]/is physician/midwife to x2 for ailment x3 by treatment/cure x4 4c 63 [also medic; (adjective:) x1, x4 is medical; x2 is a patient of x1 (= selmikce for reordered places) ; x2 is treated by x1 person/x4 treatment/method; successfully cure transitive (= sadmikce, sadvelmikce), intransitive (= sadyselmikce, ka'orbi'o to not imply an external agent/process, though the x1 and x4 of mikce may be self/internal); treatment (= velmikce)]; (cf. bilma, kanro, spita) gerku ger ge'u dog x1 is a dog/canine/[bitch] of species/breed x2 ai 175 (cf. lorxu, labno, mlatu) rupnu rup ru'u dollar 'ruble' x1 is measured in major-money-units (dollar/yuan/ruble) as x2 (quantity), monetary system x3 5e 59 [also pound, rupee, franc, mark, yen; x1 is generally a price/cost/value]; (cf. jdini, sicni, jdima, vecnu, fepni, dekpu, gutci, minli, merli, bunda, kramu) xasli donkey 'ass' x1 is a donkey/jackass of species/breed x2 ai 35 (cf. xirma, kumte) vorme vor vro door x1 is a doorway/gateway/access way between x2 and x3 of structure x4 2k 113 [note: emphasis on route nature; solid door (= vrogai/vrobi'u/vrozu'itci)]; (cf. canko, ganlo, kalri, murta, pagre, bitmu, kuspe) senpi sen doubt 'skeptic' x1 doubts/is dubious/doubtful/skeptical/questions that x2 (du'u) is true 9d 30 [also: x2 is doubtful/dubious/questionable (= selsenpi for reordered places)]; (cf. jinvi, krici, djuno, birti) rinci drain x1 liquid/fluid drains/strains/flushes from source x2 through drain/strainer x3 by force x4 a 0 [x4 is usually gravity]; (cf. pambe, tisna, setca, flecu, muvdu, ganxo, rirxe) draci drama x1 is a drama/play about x2 [plot/theme/subject] by dramatist x3 for audience x4 with actors x5 5g 19 [x2 may also be a convention] (cf. finti, cukta, lisri, cfika) dacru dac drawer x1 is a drawer/file in structure x2, a [sliding compartment] container for contents x3 ao 14 (cf. nilce, tanxe) senva sev sne dream 'reverie' x1 dreams about/that x2 (fact/idea/event/state); x2 is a dream/reverie of x1 6m 16 [dream/reverie (= selsne)]; (cf. sipna, xanri) pinxe pix drink x1 (agent) drinks/imbibes beverage/drink/liquid refreshment x2 from/out-of container/source x3 2j 39 (cf. cidja, citka, taske, tunlo, xaksu, barja, birje) dirgo dig drop x1 is a drop [small, cohesive shape] of material [liquid/vapor] x2 in surrounding material x3 4h 15 (cf. daplu, bidju) damri drum x1 is a drum/cymbal/gong [percussion musical instrument] with beater/actuator x2 ak 9 (cf. rilti, zgike) sudga sud dry x1 is dry of liquid x2; (adjective:) x1 is arid 6f 71 (cf. cilmo, litki, runta) datka duck x1 is a duck/[drake] of species/breed x2 ai 20 (cf. cipni) pulce puc pu'e dust 'pulverized' x1 is dust/precipitate [suspensible solid] from x2 in medium/on surface x3 a 22 (cf. te zalvi, danmo, purmo, sligu) xabju xa'u dwell 'inhabit' x1 dwells/lives/resides/abides at/inhabits/is a resident of location/habitat/nest/home/abode x2 4d 130 (cf. ginka, zdani, zvati, stuzi, jmive, stali, vitke) ro rol each digit/number: each, all 3a 0 kerlo ker ear 'aural, earlobe' x1 is a/the ear [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: sensory apparatus, information gathering] 1c 16 [(adjective:) x1 is aural]; (cf. kanla, savru, smaji, tirna, ractu) clira lir early x1 (event) is early by standard x2 2g 35 (cf. lerci) jerna earn x1 (agent/person) earns/[deserves/merits] wages/salary/pay x2 for work/service x3 (activity) 8c 8 [also x2 earnings, reward (= zanseljerna or nemjerna), punishment/comeuppance (= sfaseljerna, malseljerna); x3 behavior; job (= terjerna); x2 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event, or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posyjerna, posyseljerna for unambiguous semantics)]; (cf. jibri, pleji, vecnu, cnemu, canja, jdima, jinga, prali, sfasa, janta, kargu, vamji) terdi ted earth 'terrestrial' x1 is the Earth/the home planet of race x2; (adjective:) x1 is terrestrial/earthbound am 111 (cf. lunra, plini, solri, kensa, tsani; dertu for ground, dirt, except when used to express physical relative frame of reference [e.g. on the ground, the ground beneath us], tsani) stuna sun east x1 is to the east/eastern side of x2 according to frame of reference x3 5d 101 (cf. stici, berti, snanu, farna) frili fil easy 'freely' x1 (action) is easy/simple/facile for x2 (agent) under conditions x3; x2 does x1 freely/easily 1i 63 (cf. nandu, sampu, zifre) citka cti eat x1 eats/ingests/consumes (transitive verb) x2 5c 320 (cf. cidja, pinxe, tunlo, xagji, xaksu, batci, gusta, kabri) korbi kor koi edge 'border, curb' x1 is an edge/margin/border/curb/boundary of x2 next-to/bordering-on x3 9b 43 (cf. cmavo list koi, greku, mlana, jimte, ctebi, bartu) sovda sov so'a egg 'ovum' x1 is an egg/ovum/sperm/pollen/gamete of/from organism [mother/father] x2 5b 51 [(poorly metaphorical only due to gender- and species- being unspecified): ovoid, oblate (= pevyso'aseltai, but better: claboi); egg, specifically female (= fetso'a), of a bird (= cpifetso'a, cpiso'a), of a chicken (= jipcyfetso'a, jipcyso'a] (but note that Lojban does not require specificity, just as English doesn't for either milk or eggs; "sovda" is fine for most contexts); [if fertilized, then tsiju or tarbi]; (cf. ganti, gutra, mamta, patfu, rorci, tsiju, lanbi, tarbi; also djine, konju for shape, tarbi) misro Egyptian 'Mizraim' x1 reflects Egyptian culture/nationality in aspect x2 ab 1 (cf. friko, muslo, xrabo) pruni pun elastic 'springy' (adjective:) x1 is elastic/springy a 0 (cf. ckabu, tcena) dzena dze elder x1 is an elder/ancestor of x2 by bond/tie/degree x3; x1's generation precedes x2's parents 4b 12 (cf. patfu, rirni, tamne) dikca dic electric 'charge' x1 is electricity [electric charge or current] in/on x2 of polarity/quantity x3 (def. negative) 7g 4 [(x3, a quantifier, can be expressed as a simple polarity using the numerals for positive and negative ma'u and ni'u); (explicitly) negative (= dutydikca), positive (= mardikca); current (= (sel)muvdikca; again default negative/electron current), charge (= klodikca, stadikca)]; (cf. lindi, xampo, flecu, maksi, tcana) xanto elephant x1 is an elephant of species/breed x2 ai 16 (cf. mabru, barda) burna embarrassed x1 is embarrassed/disconcerted/flustered/ill-at-ease about/under conditions x2 (abstraction) 9d 4 (cf. cinmo) tarbi embryo x1 is an embryo/zygote/fetus/fertilized egg with mother x2, and father x3 a 10 (cf. gutra, mamta, patfu, sovda, rorci, tsiju, grute) cinmo cni emotion x1 feels emotion x2 (ka) about x3 9d 91 [also mood/humor (= nuncni)]; (cf. cmavo list ci'o, cumla, jilra, nelci, xendo, ckeji, cortu, jgira, kecti, kufra, manci, prami, steba, zungi, badri, burna, gleki) basna emphasize 'accent' x1 emphasizes/accentuates/gives emphasis/stress/accent to x2 by (action) x3 1h 16 [also: say forcefully] (cf. pandi) kunti kut empty 'vacant' x1 [container] is empty/vacant of x2 [material]; x1 is hollow 2g 54 [also vacuum (= kunti be roda/so'ada)]; (cf. culno, tisna, claxu, canlu, kevna, setca) fanmo fam fa'o end 'final' x1 is an end/finish/termination of thing/process x2; [not necessarily implying completeness] 2c 80 [x1 is final/last/at the last; x1 is a terminal/terminus of x2; x1 is the final/terminated state of terminated process x2; x2 terminates/ceases/stops/halts at x1 (= selfa'o for reordered places)]; (cf. krasi, cfari, mulno, sisti, denpa, jipno, kojna, traji, krasi) kei kez end abstraction elidable terminator: end abstraction bridi (often elidable) 3b 0 ke'e kep ke'e end grouping elidable terminator: end of tanru left grouping override (usually elidable) 3b 0 (cf. cmavo list ke) bradi enemy 'adversary' x1 is an enemy/opponent/adversary/foe of x2 in struggle x3 2i 8 (cf. damba, jamna, darlu, pendo, fapro, gunta, sarji, jivna, jinga) nejni nen energy x1 is energy of type x2 in form x3 a 6 [ray/beam (= nenli'i)]; (cf. marji, tarmi, kantu, lazni, livla) glico gic gli English x1 is English/pertains to English-speaking culture in aspect x2 1b 35 [generally assume broadest sense of 'English'; may refer to 'English', pertaining to the country/people/culture of England (normally requiring constraint = gligu'e, or simply redundancy = gligli-); British English, the norm language of the UK (= gliglibau)]; (cf. brito which refers to the United Kingdom as a whole or to the British empire, merko, sralo, kadno, skoto) vanbi vab environment 'ambient' x1 (ind./mass) is part of an environment/surroundings/context/ambience of x2 5d 33 [(adjective:) x1 is ambient]; (cf. cmavo list va'o, sruri, jibni, jbini, ferti, tcini) dunli dun du'i equal x1 is equal/congruent to/as much as x2 in property/dimension/quantity x3 6k 93 [same in quantity/quality (not necessarily in identity); 'analogy' may be expressed as the equivalence of two properties of similarity (ka x1 simsa x2) and (ka x3 simsa x4)]; (cf. cmavo list du'i, satci, frica, simsa, mintu) cedra era x1 is an era/epoch/age characterized by x2 (event/property/interval/idea) a 9 (x2 interval should be the defining boundaries; if merely a characterizing period, the nature of the interval should be expressed in an abstract bridi, or the interval should be marked with tu'a; x2 may also be characteristic object(s) or practices of the era, if marked with tu'a); (cf. ranji, temci, citsi) srera sre err x1 errs in doing/being/making mistake x2 (event), an error under conditions x3 by standard x4 1h 40 (cf. drani, which is non-agentive, cfila, fliba) sinma si'a esteem x1 esteems/respects/venerates/highly regards x2 [object of respect] 9d 39 [also: x2 is respected/esteemed/celebrated (= selsi'a for reordered places)]; (cf. banli, censa, misno, nelci, prami, salci, jgira) ropno ron ro'o European x1 reflects European culture/nationality/geography/Indo-European languages in aspect x2 ab 13 (cf. brito) vanci vac evening x1 is an evening [from end-of-work until sleep typical for locale] of day x2 at location x3 3e 60 [this evening (= cabvanci); tomorrow evening (= bavlamvanci); yesterday evening (= prulamvanci)]; (cf. cerni, murse, tcika) fasnu fau event 'happen' x1 (event) is an event that happens/occurs/takes place; x1 is an incident/happening/occurrence 3b 234 (cf. cmavo list fau, krefu, lifri, fatci, rapli; gasnu, zukte, if specifically agentive, banli) nu nun event abstract abstractor: generalized event abstractor; x1 is state/process/achievement/activity of [bridi] 3b 0 (cf. fasnu) palci pac evil x1 is evil/depraved/wicked [morally bad] by standard x2 2i 52 (cf. zekri, vrude, xlali, marde, mabla) satci exact 'precise' x1 [measurement/match] is exact/precise to precision x2 in property/quantity x3 (ka/ni) 7e 55 (cf. sarxe, dunli, merli, mapti, kancu, mintu) mupli mup example x1 is an example/sample/specimen/instance/case/illustration of common property(s) x2 of set x3 2h 52 (cf. cmavo list mu'u, pixra) dukse dus du'e excess x1 is an excess of/too much of x2 by standard x3 3m 178 [cloying (= maldu'e, tolpu'adu'e)]; (cf. bancu, banzu, ricfu, zmadu) canja caj exchange x1 exchanges/trades/barters commodity x2 for x3 with x4; x1, x4 is a trader/merchant/businessman 8d 12 [also (adjective:) x1, x2, x4 is/are commercial (better expressed as ka canja, kamcanja)]; x2/x3 may be a specific object, a commodity (mass), an event (possibly service), or a property; pedantically, for objects/commodities, this is sumti-raising from ownership of the object/commodity (= posycanja for unambiguous semantics); (cf. dunda, friti, vecnu, zarci, jdini, pleji, jdima, jerna, kargu; see note at jdima on cost/price/value distinction, banxa, cirko, dunda, janta, kargu, prali, sfasa, zivle) vikmi vim vi'i excrete x1 [body] excretes waste x2 from source x3 via means/route x4 aa 43 (cf. cigla, kalci, pinca, xasne) zasti zat za'i exist x1 exists/is real/actual/reality for x2 under metaphysics x3 3j 104 [words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place]; [x1 is physical (one sense)]; (cf. fatci, xanri) lifri lif fri experience 'life' x1 [person/passive/state] undergoes/experiences x2 (event/experience); x2 happens to x1 2n 148 [also has/have (of events/experiences); (adjective:) x1 is empirical; suggests passive undergoing but does not exclude active (per zukte) intent; a deserved experience: reward or punishment (= jernyfri, zanjernyfri, maljernyfri)]; (cf. cmavo list ri'i, jmive, fasnu, renvi) li'i liz experience abstract abstractor: experience abstractor; x1 is x2's experience of [bridi] (participant or observer) - (cf. lifri) certu cre expert x1 is an expert/pro/has prowess in/is skilled at x2 (event/activity) by standard x3 8c 63 [also competent, skilled]; (cf. djuno, stati, kakne) ciksi cki explain x1 (person) explains x2 (event/state/property) to x3 with explanation x4 (du'u) 1h 53 [explanation x4 is an underlying mechanism/details/purpose/method for x2 (= velcki for reordered places), generally assumed to be non-obvious; metaphorical usage with the various causal relations (i.e. jalge, mukti, krinu, rinka, nibli, zukte) is possible, but the non-obviousness, and the existence of an explainer with a point of view makes this word not a simple expression of cause]; (cf. cipra, danfu, jalge, jinvi, krinu, mukti, nabmi, preti, rinka, sidbo, zukte, tavla) spoja poj po'a explode x1 bursts/explodes/violently breaks up/decomposes/combusts into pieces/energy/fragments x2 a 20 (cf. cecla, jakne, jbama) tenfa tef exponential x1 is the exponential result of base x2 to power/exponent x3 ar 1 (cf. dugri) cusku cus sku express x1 (agent) expresses/says x2 (sedu'u/text/lu'e concept) for audience x3 via expressive medium x4 1h 872 [also says]; (cf. bacru, tavla, casnu, spuda, cmavo list cu'u, bangu, dapma, jufra, pinka) kanla kal eye 'ocular' x1 is a/the eye [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: sensory apparatus]; (adjective:) x1 is ocular 1c 0 [x1 is optic]; (cf. jvinu, kerlo, viska, kumte) flira fir face x1 is a/the face [head/body-part] of x2; (adjective:) x1 is facial 1c 45 (cf. sefta, stedu, crane, mebri) fatci fac fact x1 (du'u) is a fact/reality/truth/actuality, in the absolute 3j 38 (cf. datni, jitfa, sucta, xanri, jetnu, fasnu, zasti, cfika, saske) fanri factory 'foundry' x1 is a factory/foundry/industrial plant/mill producing x2 from materials x3 8c 0 (cf. molki, gundi) fliba fli fail 'baffle' x1 fails at doing x2 (state/event); x1 is a failure at its role in x2 8g 4 [baffled (= pesfli, jmifli, dafspufli, menfli, among other senses); also x2 ceases/does not complete/fails to continue due to failure on the part of x1]; (cf. cfila, snada, srera, troci, sisti, ranji, denpa, bebna, zunti) crida rid fairy x1 is a fairy/elf/gnome/brownie/pixie/goblin/kobold [mythical humanoid] of mythos/religion x2 ac 4 [also orc, giant, demon or devil (when humanoid-form is presumed by the mythos/religion), bugbear, bogeyman]; (cf. ranmi, especially for non-humanoid creatures of myth, lijda) farlu fal fa'u fall x1 falls/drops to x2 from x3 in gravity well/frame of reference x4 2b 141 [note: things can fall in spin, thrust, or tide as well as gravity; (agentive "drop" = one of two lujvo: falcru and falri'a)] (cf. lafti, cpare, klama, sfubu) jitfa jif false x1 (du'u) is false/is an untruth by standard/epistemology/metaphysics x2 3j 15 [words usable for epistemology typically have a du'u place]; (cf. fatci, stace, jetnu, cfika) slabu sau familiar x1 is old/familiar/well-known to observer x2 in feature x3 (ka) by standard x4 2c 130 [This can cover both meanings of old. Old in years, i.e. age, can be conveyed through x2 = the world, life, existence (= loi nu zasti); in usage this has been a common default for ellipsis. However slabu is not the opposite of 'young' (= nalci'o, tolci'o), but the opposite of 'new' (= tolni'o); also ancient (= tcesau), age (= nilsau); x2 is used to x1 (= selsau for reordered places); historic/historical (= cirsau, cirselcedra; also vaipru)]; (cf. clani, citno, cnino, se djuno; not the opposite of citno, djuno) lanzu laz family 'clan' x1 (mass) is a family with members including x2 bonded/tied/joined according to standard x3 4b 44 [also clan, tribe; x2 is in x1, a member of x1 (selylanzu for reordered places); relative (= lazmi'u - xy mintu y'y leka cmima da poi lanzu)]; (cf. natmi, cmima, girzu, jutsi, klesi) misno mis mi'o famous x1 (person/object/event) is famous/renowned/is a celebrity among community of persons x2 (mass) 7j 8 [also celebrated/well-known; (derogative meanings:) notorious/infamous (= malmi'o; these could also be expressed using the referenced words)]; (cf. se sinma, banli) darno dar da'o far x1 is far/distant from x2 in property x3 (ka) 2g 69 (cf. jibni) cange cag farm 'grange, agrarian' x1 is a farm/ranch at x2, farmed by x3, raising/producing x4; (adjective:) x1 is agrarian ap 10 [also grange; farming is any organized agrarian activity, not limited to plant crops]; (cf. purdi, nurma, ferti, foldi, xarju) sutra sut fast 'swift' x1 is fast/swift/quick/hastes/rapid at doing/being/bringing about x2 (event/state) 4f 142 (cf. masno) lasna la'a fasten 'lash' x1 (agent) fastens/connects/attaches/binds/lashes x2 to x3 with fastener x4 3f 17 [no implication that result is considered a single object; although x2 and x3 may be reversible, x3 may be used for the substrate, the fixed/larger object to which x2 becomes attached];(cf. jorne, fenso, jgena, batke, dinko, kansa) dimna dim fate 'doom' x1 is a fate/destiny of x2; [doom, curse are mabla-forms]; x2 is fated/predestined/doomed to x1 a 8 [fated/destined/doomed (= seldimna)]; (cf. dapma) patfu paf pa'u father 'pop, padre' x1 is a father of x2; x1 begets/sires/acts paternal towards x2; [not necessarily biological] 4b 93 (cf. mamta, rirni, rorci, tarbi, dzena, famti, panzi, bersa, sovda) zabna zan za'a favorable x1 is a favorable connotation/sense/way-of-looking-at x2 used by x3 3d 46 (cf. funca, mabla, xamgu, vrude) terpa tep te'a fear 'terror' x1 fears x2; x1 is afraid/scared/frightened by/fearful of x2 (event/tu'a object) 4c 72 [also: x1 feels terror about x2; x2 is fearsome/fearful/frightening/scary to x1 (= selte'a to reorder places)]; (cf. snura, xalni, xanka, virnu) pimlu pim pi'u feather 'plume' x1 is a/the feather/plume(s)/plumage [body-part] of animal/species x2 ai 1 (cf. cipni, nalci, rebla, kerfa, penbi) kalci feces 'shit' x1 is a/the feces/excrement/dung/shit of x2 (animal/person); (adjective:) x1 is fecal (matter) aa 0 [also crap]; (cf. ganxo, pinca, vikmi, mabla, festi) fetsi fet fe'i female 'fem-' x1 is a female/doe of species x2 evidencing feminine trait(s) x3 (ka); x1 is feminine 4b 13 (cf. nakni) ferti fre fertile x1 is fertile/conducive for supporting the growth/development of x2; x1 is fruitful/prolific a 15 [also fecund (note that the Lojban covers both potential and actual/realized fertility)]; (cf. vanbi, sidju, rorci, farvi, banro, cange) so'u sot few digit/number: few 7e 0 cfika fik fi'a fiction x1 is a work of fiction about plot/theme/subject x2/under convention x2 by author x3 8b 2 [also story, lie, untrue]; (cf. cukta, lisri, prosa, fatci, jitfa, jetnu, xanri) foldi flo foi field x1 is a field [shape/form] of material x2; x1 is a broad uniform expanse of x2 9b 24 [also woods (= ricfoi), lawn/meadow (= sasfoi), brush (= spafoi, cicyspafoi)]; (cf. purdi, cange) figre fig fig x1 is a fig [fruit/tree] of species/strain x2 aj 0 (cf. grute) damba dab da'a fight 'combat' x1 fights/combats/struggles with x2 over issue x3 (abstract); x1 is a fighter/combatant 8g 30 [use x3 tu'a for fight over an object/objective]; (cf. bradi, gunta, talsa, darlu, fapro, jamna, sonci) pe'a pev figurative marks figurative usage (non-literal) speech/text as a rafsi at 0 [in figurative speech, metaphors may arbitrarily ignore omitted place structures] tisna tis fill 'stuff' x1 (object) fills/becomes stuffed [up]/inflates/blows up with material x2; x2 pours into x1 6f 35 [implies some relative degree of fullness will result; agentive filling (= tisyse'a, tisygau, tisyzu'e); inflate/become inflated/blow up (= gacytisna, agentive gacyse'a); pour into (= liktisna, agentive likse'a)]; (cf. culno, kunti, rinci, setca) degji deg finger 'digit' x1 is a/the finger/digit/toe [body-part] on limb/body site x2 of body x3; [metaphor: peninsula] 1c 15 [finger (= xandegji), toe (= jmadegji)]; (cf. nazbi, tamji, tance, xance), fagri fag fire x1 is a fire/flame in fuel x2 burning-in/reacting-with oxidizer x3 (default air/oxygen) a 52 (cf. jelca, sacki) jdari jar firm 'hard' x1 is firm/hard/resistant/unyielding to force x2 under conditions x3 6f 55 (cf. nandu, ralci, randa, ranti, tinsa, sligu, stodi) finpe fip fi'e fish 'fin' x1 is a fish of species x2 [metaphorical extension to sharks, non-fish aquatic vertebrates] 5b 46 (cf. danlu) mapti mat fit 'match' x1 fits/matches/suits/is compatible/appropriate/corresponds to/with x2 in property/aspect x3 7j 47 (cf. satci, tugni, sarxe, drani, tarmi, ckini, mintu) lanci flag 'banner' x1 is a flag/banner/standard of/symbolizing x2 with pattern(s) x3 on material x4 ao 0 (cf. gugde, jecta) cfila cfi flaw x1 (property - ka) is a flaw/fault/defect in x2 causing x3 7j 19 (cf. cikre, srera, fenra, fliba, prane) vofli vol voi flight 'fly' x1 flies [in air/atmosphere] using lifting/propulsion means x2 7f 27 (cf. cipni, klama, vinji) fulta ful flu float x1 (passive) floats on/in fluid (gas/liquid) x2; x1 is buoyant 7f 7 (cf. limna, bloti, sakli) loldi lol loi floor x1 is a floor/bottom/ground of x2 2k 120 [floor/level/story of a building/edifice (= setloi, dijysenta)]; (cf. bitmu, drudi, dertu, dizlo, cnita, zbepi, sarji, serti) flecu fle flow 'flush' x1 is a current/flow/river of/in x2 flowing in direction to/towards x3 from direction/source x4 a 85 [x1 is a stream of x2; x2 is a fluid [gas or liquid] (= selfle for reordered places); x1 flushes toward x3; flush (= caifle, sukfle)]; (cf. rirxe, senta where no directionality is implied, rinci, xampo, dikca, sakci, gapci, litki, ciblu) xrula rul flower x1 is a/the flower/blossom/bloom [body-part] of plant/species x2; (adjective:) x1 is floral aj 27 (cf. spati) flani flute x1 is a flute/pipe/fife/recorder [flute-like/air-reed musical instrument] ak 1 (cf. zgike) sfani fly x1 is a fly [a small non-stinging flying insect] of species/breed x2 6c 16 (cf. cinki, bifce) fonmo fom fo'o foam x1 is a quantity of foam/froth/suds of material x2, with bubbles/vacuoles of material x3 a 1 (cf. zbabu) bumru bum fog x1 is foggy/misty/covered by a fog/mist/vapor of liquid x2 4h 5 (cf. djacu, carvi, danmo, lunsa, tcima, gapci) polje plo fold x1 (force) folds/creases x2 at locus/loci/forming crease(s)/bend(s) x3 a 0 [for agentive folding (= plogau, plozu'e); use cardinal-value sumti in x3, or rapli, to indicate multiple folds]; (cf. korcu, cinje, boxfo, boxna) nelci nel nei fond 'likes' x1 is fond of/likes/has a taste for x2 (object/state) 2i 180 (cf. cinmo, djica, pluka, prami, rigni, sinma, trina, xebni, cuxna, pendo) cidja dja food 'feed' x1 is food/feed/nutriment for x2; x1 is edible/gives nutrition to x2 5b 78 (cf. citka, nitcu, pinxe, xagji, cpina) bebna beb foolish 'boob' x1 is foolish/silly in event/action/property [folly] (ka) x2; x1 is a boob 5g 69 (cf. fenki, xajmi, prije, fliba) jamfu jaf jma foot x1 is a/the foot [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: lowest portion] (adjective:) x1 is pedal 1c 47 (cf. jicmu, genja, zbepi, tuple, jubme, xance, tamji) bapli bap bai force 'compel' x1 [force] (ka) forces/compels event x2 to occur; x1 determines property x2 to manifest as 20 [also constrains; requires success, unlike the physics term (better expressed by danre)]; (cf. fanta, rinju, jimte, jitro, rinka, krinu, zukte, randa, danre, cmavo list bai, marxa, tinsa, xarnu) fraxu fax forgive x1 forgives x2 for event/state/activity x3 4d 25 (cf. dunda, curmi, zungi) forca fro fork x1 is a fork/fork-type tool/utensil for purpose x2 with tines/prongs x3 on base/support x4 5c 16 (cf. dakfu, smuci, komcu, tutci) lorxu lor lo'u fox x1 is a fox [bushy-tailed wild dog/canine] of species/breed x2 ai 36 (cf. gerku) frinu fraction x1 is a fraction, with numerator x2, denominator x3 (x2/x3) 7e 1 (cf. parbi, dilcu, mekso, fendi) greku rek frame x1 is a frame/structure/skeleton/outline supporting/load-bearing/determining the form of x2 a 0 (cf. korbi, stura, tsina, bongu) zifre zif zi'e free x1 is free/at liberty to do/be x2 (event/state) under conditions x3 8e 21 [also unrestricted, unfettered, unconstrained; (adjective:) independent; (adverb:) willingly, voluntarily, freely, may, optionally; (potential:) x1 voluntarily does x2]; (cf. pinfu, rinju, bilga, curmi, kakne, frili) dunja duj freeze 'jell' x1 freezes/jells/solidifies at temperature x2 and pressure x3 4h 27 (cf. febvi, lunsa, runme, sligu) fraso fas French 'France' x1 reflects French/Gallic culture/nationality/language in aspect x2 ab 19 (cf. ropno) vifne vif fresh (adjective:) x1 is fresh/unspoiled 5c 20 (cf. fusra) mosra mos friction 'rub' x1 is friction [force opposing motion] due to contact/rubbing between x2 and x3; (fe) x2 rubs x3 a 3 [also x2 scrubs/wipes/brushes (against) x3 (= seltermosra); non-agentive rub (= termosra)]; (cf. sakli, sraku, jabre, satre, guska, pencu, spali) pendo ped pe'o friend x1 is/acts as a friend of/to x2 (experiencer); x2 befriends x1 2i 90 (cf. bradi, xendo, nelci, prami, bradi) crane cra front x1 is anterior/ahead/forward/(in/on) the front of x2 which faces/in-frame-of-reference x3 1e 0 [also: x3 is the standard of orientation for x2] (cf. sefta, flira, trixe, mlana, pritu, zunle) frumu fru frown x1 frowns/grimaces (facial expression) 4d 5 [x1 frowns/grimaces at/in reaction to x2 (= frufra)]; (cf. cmila, cisma) grute rut fruit x1 is a fruit [body-part] of species x2 6c 19 (cf. badna, dembi, figre, guzme, narge, perli, pilka, plise, spati, stagi, tamca, tsiju, tarbi, panzi, rorci, te pruce, jbari, nimre) steba seb frustration x1 feels frustration about x2 (abstraction) 9d 19 (cf. cinmo) livla lil fuel x1 is a fuel/energy-source for powering x2