BPFK Section: Anaphoric Pro-sumti

ko'a, ko'e, ko'i, ko'o, ko'u, fo'a, fo'e, fo'i, fo'o, fo'u (KOhA4)

Proposed definition

These are assignable pro-sumti. The referent of each word can be assigned using {goi}.

Proposed keyword

• ko'a: it-1
• ko'e: it-2
• ko'i: it-3
• ko'o: it-4
• ko'u: it-5
• fo'a: it-6
• fo'e: it-7
• fo'i: it-8
• fo'o: it-9
• fo'u: it-10

Examples

i le nanmu goi ko'a cu klama le zarci .i ko'a viska re nanmu goi ko'e joi ko'i .i ko'e joi ko'i ca casnu le jdima be le cipni

A man went to the market. He saw two men there. They were discussing the price of the birds.

vo'a, vo'e, vo'i, vo'o, vo'u (KOhA4)

Proposed definition

These are pro-sumti that refer to sumti in the outermost bridi of the sentence. Each of the series refers to a difference place
vo'a - The x1 of this bridi.
vo'e - The x2 of this bridi.
vo'i - The x3 of this bridi.
vo'o - The x4 of this bridi.
vo'u - The x5 of this bridi.

Proposed keywords

• vo'a: it-x1
• vo'e: it-x2
• vo'i: it-x3
• vo'o: it-x4
• vo'u: it-x5

Examples

.i la risna noltruni'u cu zutse le vo'a nolstizu

The Queen of Hearts sat on her throne.

Issues

The vo'a-series cmavo refer to the sumti of the outermost bridi of the sentence. (This was left unspecified in CLL, and decided by a significant majority of usage.)

ri, ra, ru (KOhA5)

Proposed definition

These pro-sumti repeat previous sumti in the sentence. ri repeats the previous sumti. ra repeats a recent, but usually not the previous, sumti. And ru repeats an earlier sumti, to be determined from context.

Proposed keywords

• ri: last sumti
• ra: recent sumti
• ru: earlier sumti

Examples

.i ji'a la lutcezis zo'u ri na kakne le nu ficyju'o la ceris la amonti,ados

And as for Luchesi, he cannot distinguish Sherry from Amontillado.

.i ca lenu la gregor.samsas. co'a cikna gi'e co'u raktu senva vau ca lo cerni kei ra facki lenu ra vi le ckana ba'o binxo lo brabra cinki

As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself in his bed transformed into a gigantic insect.

.i mi kucli ledu'u makau frica le xe fanva be ri le xe fanva be ru

I'm curious as to what differs from the translation of that and the translation of the thing you said a bit ago.

ti, ta, tu (KOhA6)

Proposed definition

These pro-sumti are demonstratives. They refer to objects in the real world. ti refers to an object near the speaker; "this here object". ta refers to an object near the listener, or if the listener is near the speaker it refers to an object a medium distance away; "that there object". tu refers to a distant object, or one far from both the speaker and the listener; "that yonder object".

Proposed keywords

• ti: this here
• ta: that there
• tu: that yonder

Examples

ti joncku lei cafne preti be la lojban

This here is a collective FAQs of Lojban.

doi ksion go'i .i ta cnino traji

Hey Xion, yeah. That thing near you is the most new.

tu cukta lo pixra be lo nalgasnu ninmu

That over there is a book containing pictures of females not really doing anything.