          Me la Uacintyn Loglytuan  *    Number 2 - August 1986

(Notes on the title -
     1. My use of me apparently causes this to translate to 'Be a
Washington Loglan worker'. Which wasn't what I intended, but sounds
better. I want to encourage you. But since this newsletter is quickly
becoming national in scope, I expect future issues to drop the Uacintyn.
After all, you needn't move here to be a Loglan worker.
     2. I've also been told that my name is improper for another reason -
having used me to turn la Uacintyn into a predicate, I need another me la
to turn Loglytuan into a name predicate. Otherwise, I would have to write
it as me la Uacintynloglytuan, which I won't inflict on anyone (compare
la Iunaitedsteits, a name which I've improved upon with my borrowings
proposal described below). The double predicate is also needed to make it
clear that whatever is named by la Uacintyn modifies la Loglytuan.
Alternatively, I could have left the second word as a complex: loglytua,
which would have made my grammar correct, but left us with a sentence
rather than a title. Oh well.
     3. As noted below, the problems in the prims for languages will
hopefully result in changes. So I expect next month's title to be me la
Loglentuan. Which brings us very close to the old Loglan name for TL, but
I'm not volunteering to edit that.)

                  YES JIM, THERE IS A LOGLAN COMMUNITY

Furthermore, it is alive, and if not completely well, regaining its
health quickly. We have people waiting to go to work, and progress should
accelerate after jcb's return, since several questions need his
clarification. I am setting a personal target of the end of next summer
to complete those contributions I am involved with for GPA (Going Public
Again - the acronym for republication of Loglan materials). The actual
decision on GPA, of course, is JCB's. But I think the dictionary is the
critical path, and with my accelerating progress, and lots of help from
all you out there, we can make it.

                             ARE YOU ALIVE?

Last month's newsletter went out to about 25, with the first 4 pages
going out to an additional 50, along with an invitation to contact a
center person for your area (or me) to participate in a local area SIG
and receive the full newsletter. As I said above, the community is alive.
This month will have the newsletter going to about 40 active members. I
also hope to send the full newsletter less Appendices to invitees so you
all can see what we're really up to. I have to leave off the Appendices,
since the invitees are around 80 so far and could exceed 100. But what I
need and hope is that you invitees will contact your center person or me.
Please let us know whether you are interested, and what you need from us
to become active again. And if you aren't actively interested in Loglan
anymore, let us know that too (and hopefully, why?), and we'll quit
bugging you, and pass the info on to the Institute if you wish.

I've had $95 in contributions so far, interestingly from 3 invitees - Bob
Chassell, Jeff Prothero, and Mike Sargent. Much thanks to you three. They
and all others who write or call will keep getting the full newsletter,
and the back issues that they haven't gotten. No contribution is
necessary, although all are welcome. Last month's issue cost about
$145.00 in printing and postage, due to its size, plus my phone bills
which are unrepeatable. This month's issue is shorter, but will go to
more people, so I expect the cost to be about the same.

Note to anyone reviewing things for me. Please try to get me comments by
the weekend of 13-14 September.


                                 LOGFEST

The first step is going to be Logfest 3, to be held at my house from
Friday 12 September to Sunday 14 September. All Loglanists are invited,
especially if you bring a sleeping bag. I have bed space for perhaps as
many as 6 guests, and plenty of additional space for sleeping bags. I am
2 blocks from the Washington Metro, and can therefore be reached from
either Union Station (rail) or Washington National Airport, for a low
cost, no driving (or rental car) weekend vacation. If you can only spare
a day - fine, come anyway - this will be very informal. I am interested
in anyone who can bring a PC/compatible or CP/M machine, since we will
have all working versions of MACTEACH available for use (see below).
Directions are given in the following pages. I can always be called for
more details:

                             Bob LeChevalier
                             2904 Beau Lane
                            Fairfax VA 22031
                (home) 703-385-0273  (work) 703-847-4465

FLASH - While I have no commitments, I have invited jcb, who may be back
from Europe by then, to attend. A definite enhancement to any activities
we may have.

                                  NEWS

     On with a status update - much has happened in a month and a half.
I'll cover things project by project. Then I'll summarize by highlighting
the contributions that those of you who volunteered are making.

1. The newsletter and SIG formation. Well, most of you know about this
newsletter by now, and I've summarized the distribution. So far, there
has been one significant effort to organize a SIG as a result. Ken Dickey
has been contacting the seven Portland area Loglanists. There are also
stirrings in Boston, which has the most active SIG members in any
metropolitan area. San Francisco, of course, has more invitees. Because
of the response and phone and mail contacts since the last newsletter, my
target areas have expanded to include: DC, Boston, England, Ontario (both
Ottawa and Toronto), Philadelphia/Wilmington, San Francisco, Portland,
Raleigh NC, St. Louis, and New York/ New Jersey. I also am contacting
people in Houston, Chicago, and LA who I am hoping will volunteer to be
center contacts. I also need a new volunteer for San Francisco, since
Birrell Walsh says he doesn't have the time to coordinate activities.

2. MACTEACH. Glen Haydon is to be commended. He has completed his
MACTEACH 1 program based on jcb's word list included in the last
newsletter, and has delivered it to PC/Z-100 users. He is preparing to
send CP/M and Apple versions out shortly. He deserves credit as the only
person in the past couple of years to complete a Loglan project (I
exclude jcb, whose activities are ongoing and therefore have transcended
completion).

But this is only half the story. Glen's program has some problems. One is
size. Since it is written in FORTH, the word list and program are in
memory all the time, which enhances speed. But the word list has exceeded
available space, and he has had to split the program/word list in half. A
second problem is that there are few FORTH programmers who can build on
Glen's efforts to create the needed series of MACTEACH versions. A final
problem is that the program is more of an aid to learning than it is a
teacher, although what he built is apparently what jcb asked him to
build.

To solve these problems, I contacted Nora Tansky, who had a similar
concept implemented on her TRS-80 several years ago. After her visit last
week, we can now announce an improved MACTEACH 1. This version is written
in TURBO-PASCAL, and has been tested on both PC and CP/M machines. It
implements the full flash card algorithm described by jcb in TL1/5, and
can therefore be truly called Computer-Aided Instruction. We await jcb's
return to bless our version, and to supply a needed cassette with spoken
Loglan to match the word lists. But meanwhile, we are hoping to have
MACTEACH 2, which teaches affixes, working for the Logfest next month.

We have laid out a series of MACTEACH programs (described below), which
Nora will be implementing over the next few months. These programs will
build on each other, and eventually teach you the entire language. The
major effort will be creating word-lists in the proper form, and of
course, we are awaiting the final GPA grammar.

It is our intention, subject to jcb's approval, to supply free upgrades
to the new version when it is hopefully deliverable with updated word
list and cassette (October?). This is to repay those of you who invested
in advance in MACTEACH without a completed product. Other pricing
considerations are described below. Those who helped in user-testing will
get free copies in a few weeks when I get time to make them.

Incidentally, as part of testing the program, I have worked through the
entire word list. I had never managed to use the flash cards
successfully, and my initial knowledge was probably less than 30% of the
words. After one month of about an hour a day (with occasional skipped
days), my accuracy is up to around 90% and increasing daily - personal
testimony to the value of the improved MACTEACH as a teacher.

3. Notebook 3 (NB3). We of course are awaiting jcb's return to complete
this. I have had the existing material reviewed by several people, and
will be assembling a single comment set for jcb. The opinions are
unanimous - jcb is working on an excellent summary of the language. We
have lots of questions and comments, both technical and editorial, but
these will only serve to improve what jcb hath wrought. The primary
technical issues so far appear to relate to the phonetic values of Loglan
vowels.

4. LYCES/LIP/MacGram. Our weak point. I finally reached Scott Layson, who
should be sending me the latest LYCES. While only jcb knows for sure, it
appears that grammar work stopped with Trial 24 in 1984 due to the limits
of space in the old LYCES. This was during the time when the so-called
'Carter changes' were being tested. I have a copy of Trial 24 for any of
you who know the MacGram work well enough to use it, and I should be able
to give an accurate status of the grammar as soon as jcb returns. Jeff
Taylor has expressed interest in helping with completing any YACCing, and
in enhancing the Parser(LIP) to support larger blocks of text. Since he
got his Master's degree doing Yacc-related work, we have identified a
qualified worker.

5. Primer. Chuck Barton has sent me the first 3 lessons of his Primer
revision. They date from before TL6, though and need to be greatly
revised to make them current. Chuck did a lot of work, and I believe a
good foundation has been laid to complete the Primer. I'd like to find
someone who is a good writer to help Chuck. He shouldn't have to do it
all, and he has the language training expertise to work with someone who
can help in generating text. Perhaps another in the Boston area? As Chuck
says, he writes concisely. Others without linguistic training can
therefore be useful by helping identify areas where expansion is needed
to clarify his writing for the novice.

6. Other computer aids. Nora Tansky has a Loglan speaking program. Art
Wieners, a recovered 'lost Loglanist' who is conveniently a couple of
hours from her, wants to build upon her work. We may eventually have a
MACTEACH that tests you directly from computer-spoken Loglan. Jack Waugh
is undertaking similar work with the Amiga speech generator, but has had
problems because it was designed to support English phonemes which do not
exactly match those of Loglan. Nora is also, on a lower priority basis,
updating her sentence generators and translation program to reflect trial
24. Perhaps by the Logfest, but she is doing an awesome amount of
MACTEACH work, and I hate to distract her.

7. Dictionary Update/Eaton Interface. Now for the biggies.

The two efforts are now effectively combined. Kieran has somewhat passed
the baton to me on Eaton. He approves of the ideas I proposed last issue,
but more than that, he does not have time to serve as an effective
foreman now. Jeff Taylor has sent me copies of computerized Eaton
material, but apparently jcb has the rest, so any attempt to build word
lists or dictionary entries must wait.

Actually, my proposal is on hold for now. This is because there is a
loose end in the complex-making algorithm. Coupled with this has been
lagging software development. I cannot at this time stress the complex-
making experiment described last month while still pursuing higher
priority dictionary efforts. Perhaps in a few months.

But the Eaton work is proceeding as part of my dictionary work in two
ways. As I go through the dictionary line by line, I am looking up the
Eaton numbers for each E-trans line where one is applicable, and noting
it in the text (line type 9 - see below). Secondly, I am using jcb's
charter of making 'words of opportunity' as a fallout of the latter
effort, to come up with complexes that express some of the fine
distinctions between various Eaton words for the same or different
concepts. I'm adding these as new word proposals, also with Eaton
numbers.

The result is that when I have completed my effort, we will know just how
good our Eaton coverage is, and what words need work. We could also
easily produce an Eaton-correlated word list showing the words for each
concept in Eaton order. Meanwhile, my total of Eaton numbers entered
serves as a measure of my progress on the dictionary (only 1% Eaton
coverage so far, but that is just due to lagging word-processing - I have
a couple of dozen pages of unentered text/changes, including over 100 new
word proposals).

I'm still awaiting volunteers for dictionary review. In hopes of
convincing the masses that you can contribute, I am enclosing as an
Appendix, the three short files that I've completed. Open season for
kibbitzing!

Chuck Barton has volunteered to review the etymologies for c-Prims in the
dictionary. I have extracted them (an easy effort using the new format),
but am awaiting his further time availability. That's a big job. Anyone
else want to help? You need to own or have access to a good dictionary
for each of the 8 languages, and be familiar with phonetic values for
each language's alphabet. Chuck wrote material in TL2 on this matter
which omits only the 'h'. If you do not have those issues, we can supply
copies of the data. Chuck, can you write a quick summary of the impact of
'h' on your phoneme sets.

8. jcb's trip. I've talked to Evie, jcb's wife, who returned last week
from Europe. jcb has had a lively summer. The boat he bought had major
problems and they spent a while in Venice waiting for repairs, then had
to speed their progress thereafter to make it to their goal. Meanwhile,
they were shot at by the Italian navy (nothing jcb did, apparently they
entered an unmarked practice range and weren't seen). When Evie left,
they had made it to Ibetha (near Majorca), where jcb lived for several
years. jcb still had about an 8 day sail to Gibraltar, followed by a
couple of weeks contracting for repairs. He should thus be back between
Labor day and 1 October, hopefully with appropriate timing to join the
Logfest. Meanwhile, Evie reports that he has lost weight, and recovered
his strength completely from his operation. He is reported to be in high-
spirits, relaxed and mellow. We can thus expect very positive outflows
when he returns to work this fall.

                       A Summary of Contributions

Rebecca Bach - editorial assistance on these newsletters. She also helped
on element word remaking, as well as encouraging me to start this
venture. Helped review MACTEACH (both new and old versions).

Chuck Barton - linguist; has worked on the Primer, phonetic values for
alphabets, etymologies for C-prims, new C-prims, notes on dictionary
problems, and is reviewing NB3 and most of my work. Serving as a SIG
center in Boston (17 people).

Arthur Brown - DC area participant in SIG meeting, testing of the new
MACTEACH.

James Cooke Brown (jcb) - gave us the reason to be working, and hosted me
in June (along with his wife Evie). As a result, I've had the information
I needed to proceed so ambitiously this summer. Helped me on the element
words, supplied the word lists, and worked with me to firm up the
complex-making algorithm. (And a lot more!)

Gary Burgess - Russian linguist in England for the US Air Force. Serving
as SIG center there (8 people), saving me much postage. Gary introduced
me to Loglan 6 years ago.

Kieran Carroll - currently inactive Eaton Interface foreman, and serving
as SIG center for Ontario (11 people).

Bob Chassell - financial contribution

Ken Dickey - SIG center for Portland OR (7 people). He is the only other
SIG center besides myself to actively contact and organize his group.

William Harrington - ex-Loglanist who responded to the first newsletter
with a good letter, and by donating all of his TLs, his Primer, flash
cards, Dictionary, and L1 to the cause. By doing so, we have a couple of
spares of some of these out-of-print items.

Glen Haydon - completed the original MACTEACH, and delivered the PC
version. CP/M and Apple versions to go out soon.

Scott Layson - LYCES/LIP foreman and the only other member (I think?) of
the Loglan Academy besides Jim. He is hopefully sending me the latest
version of those programs, and will be consulting on modifications that
are needed to LIP.

Bob LeChevalier - you've heard enough about what I've been doing.

John and Anita Lees - supplied me with the address list that got the SIG
going nationwide. Attempting to test the new MACTEACH on the Z-100.

John Parks-Clifford (pc) - former editor of TL, he has extensive files on
proposed changes, as well as being one of the most knowledgeable people
about the language besides jcb. He is supplying what he has, and
answering tough questions about old TL issues. SIG center for St. Louis
(5 people).

Ed and Julie Prentice - Ed volunteered to edit Lognet this summer, so I
contacted him to give him information about our DC SIG. This led to my
calling John Lees and Nora Tansky, and hence to the nationwide SIG. Ed is
co-SIG center for Boston with Chuck Barton, and advising me on doing a
Logfest. He is also reviewing stuff, and attempted to test an early
version of the new MACTEACH, revealing some compatibility problems.

Jeff Prothero - financial contribution

Lawrence Proksch - jcb had him call me, which first gave me the idea that
people outside the DC area might be interested in SIG activities.

Michael Sargent - financial contribution

Joel Shprentz - local FORTH expert; I originally asked him to help Glen
finish MACTEACH. With the new MACTEACH under development, he has switched
and is writing the complex-remaking program for the dictionary (and
eventually the related programs for complexing). He also has supplied a
capability to test the new MACTEACH on a CP/M machine. Participated in
local SIG meeting.

Nora Tansky - one of the few who kept working the last few years. She has
a Loglan speaking program, a translation and sentence generation program,
and wrote the flash card program that was the basis for the new MACTEACH.
She is now working on MACTEACH 2, while reviewing NB3 and dictionary
stuff, and serving as Philadelphia/Wilmington center (8 people).

Jeff Taylor - helped on Eaton work and had kept reasonably current on the
grammar, thus giving me good data in both areas. Jeff has volunteered to
work on the LYCES/LIP work, and is reviewing NB3 and dictionary stuff. He
also supplied missing pages form Eaton. (All those with copies from jcb
are missing pages 8-9 and 190-191). Did a good job testing the new
MACTEACH, submitting several suggestions which we took in full.

Birrell Walsh - temporary center for the San Francisco area (23 people).
Birrell hasn't much time now due to work situation, but has offered to
review material (including NB3) as time comes available. At one time,
Birrell was one of the best Loglan writers - I'm hoping that jcb and SF
area SIG members will help encourage him towards becoming more involved
when the schedule improves. Birrell has also volunteered to write an
article for the Whole Earth people to be published at GPA time.

Jack Waugh - local SIG member. reviewed NB3, participated in the SIG
meeting, and helped test the new MACTEACH (as well as the old). He is
trying to get some Loglan support capability on the Amiga.

Tommy Whitlock - center for Raleigh NC (4 people) and
German/French/Hebrew linguist (among others).

Art Wiener - just contacted Art, and he has volunteered to be center for
New York City and northern NJ (12 people).

All together, I estimate that about 800 hours have been put in on Loglan
this summer since jcb left. This is almost what the Half-Time Graduate
Assistant (HAGA) will do in a full year. Thanks to all of you for helping
me show jcb what his Loglan supporters can do for him. And let's keep it
up!


                            More on LOGFEST 3

I'm taking off that Friday to allow people who so wish to arrive on
Friday and be fresh on Saturday. (if anyone wants to come earlier and
sight-see in the DC area, no problem - just let me know). I also will be
going in late to work on Monday for people who want to leave on Monday
morning.

Nora reports that the Amtrak ride (at least from Philadelphia) was very
convenient, and she had no trouble getting to my Metro station.

Other than Nora, I have no committed attendees, but Chuck Barton, Kieran
Carroll, Ed and Julie Prentice, Bob Chassell, and Art Wiener have all
expressed interest. By the way, if it is necessary or desirable to bring
(non-Loglanist) family along, I may be able to oblige with space, if not
babysitting or entertainment. But sleeping bags will definitely be
necessary in that case. (I have 2 guest rooms, and 4 entertaining rooms
as well as a large back yard if someone wants to pitch a tent. I also
have a tent and 2 bags, myself).

How to get here -
     by car (from North) take I-95 to the Capital Beltway I-495. Head
west into Virginia, about 25 miles to I-66. Take I-66 westbound to the
first exit - which is labelled Vienna, about 2 miles. Take the exit, turn
left and go across the freeway. You are on Nutley St. Continue thru one
light (for the Metro station), then turn left at the next block (Hermosa
Dr.) It is 3 houses long and ends in my street. Turn left, and my house
is the second driveway on the left.
          (from South) take I-95 to I-495, then it is about 7 miles to I-
66. Then follow directions as above.
     by train or bus - you will end up at Union Station (or right next
door if by bus). There is a Metro Station there. It will cost $1.10 in
non-rush hour to my station. Board and transfer to the westbound Orange
Line at the Metro Center station (about 2 stations). Then a leisurely 25
minutes to the Vienna station, which is the end of the line and my stop.
Exit the train, go upstairs to the south exit and telephone (or call from
Union Station or Metro Center). It's about a 5 minute walk, or I can pick
you up.
     by plane - Washington National has a Metro stop. Board a Blue Line
train heading north - about 5 stops to Rosslyn, where you transfer to the
Orange line westbound as above. By rent-a-car get directions to either
I-66 (more confusing) or I-395 (longer). From I-66 head west 13 miles to
I-495, then as by car above. From I-395, about ten miles to I-495, then
west as if you were coming from the south by car.
     from Washington Dulles it is about a $17.00 cab fare, or I could
possibly pick you up. It is about 25 minutes to drive. By rent-a-car,
take the Dulles Access Road 16 miles to I-495, then south/west on I-495 5
miles to I-66, then follow directions above.
     I don't recommend coming into Baltimore Airport. It is 50 miles
away. But it has an Amtrak station, and you could ride into Union station
and continue from there. Amtrak schedules may not match well with flight
schedules.

Activities - Nora has suggested an all Loglan conversation session. This
will no doubt be difficult, as no one knows the vocabulary well, and
there are uncertainties about the grammar. But we can try, dictionaries
and word lists in hand. If I can get a microphone, we can tape the
conversation, and go over it afterwards and comment/learn from our
mistakes.
     I will have both my Z-150 and CP/M machines for use with MACTEACH,
and I hope a couple of others (primarily locals) will bring machines. I
will try to have enough copies of Eaton, the latest grammar, NB3, LYCES
and LIP, and whatever has been completed of the dictionary work for
review. If Chuck Barton is there, he would like discussion of Loglan
phonetics (just what is a Loglan o, etc.). Bring dictionaries, L1s, and
TL4/3. I have several dictionaries, and 2 copies of most TLs, as well as
a complete set of Lognets, but only 2 L1s and TL4/3s. This will be
informal - we'll decide a detailed agenda when people arrive.
     And feel free, if you are burned out on Loglan, to take a day to see
the Smithsonian or other sights.


               A Proposed Algorithm for Generic Borrowings

There are many problems with borrowings - it isn't easily clear when
making one that it is valid. (The algorithm is worse than the complex-
making one, since the Slinkui test is more slippery to define, and there
are some loose ends that lead me to be uncertain whether iglu type words
are legal borrowings). Then there is the problem that the listener is
unlikely to know the words at first, and there are few clues. And the
dictionary/Loglan Academy will seldom have even a nearly complete list of
borrowings once there are many speakers. Then, borrowing length is
independent of Zipfean principles. And lastly, no valid scheme has been
proposed for complex making with borrowed prims.

Last month, I printed my submission on borrowings for Lognet that was
never published. In it, I suggested that what I called pseudo-complexes
should be the preferred form for new borrowings, with possible shortening
to shorter allowable forms when usage and Zipf demanded. I have
elaborated this after some 'usage', and this entry describes the result.

When I visited jcb, we worked on remaking element words, and this planted
the seed for the idea. The replacement of y for r/l/n as the C/C juncture
hyphen provided the fertilizer. jcb told me that he had observed that a
-CVCV ending and an impermissible initial consonant cluster in the first
five characters seemed to invariably give a valid borrowing, even though
that did not exhaust the set of possible borrowings.

The result - this algorithm, which is still stated loosely for discussion
purposes.

1. Most borrowings fall into categories. They are jargon or specialty
words for a field, or types of some category of thing that itself is a
valid primitive or complex. The Loglan Academy will maintain a list of
approved prim/complex categories for borrowings. Prim-based categories
would have a -CVCV final borrowing suffix made by dropping one of the
consonants (usually a middle one - but attempting to preserve similarity
to the 3 letter affixes, and/or to keep a high recognition score).
Complexes could have a -CVCV, a -CVCVCV, etc. depending on usefulness.
I've proposed an initial set in an Appendix. For examples, see the
nationality words above as prim categories. Sciences each would have a
CVCV or CVCVCV ending with -se final, such as -lise for biology, -fise
for physics, -tase for astronomy, -nuse for mathematics, and -likese for
biochemistry. Titles would include -binami for military ranks/titles,
-ganami for nobility titles, or -nami for a generic title.

2. Not necessarily as standardized at first would be a set of borrowing
prefixes. In some cases prims or affixes could serve as the basis of
these; if Zipf demanded a shorter or longer word for a concept, or if it
would fit better into a category set with other borrowings, then it would
be easily accomplished. An example is the use of basni in basnrfubo, in
the last section.

3. The (hopefully past) existence of I-prims (see above) suggests a
standardization method for formally devising prefixes, which can also
take care of n-prims as well, while retaining the 8-languages flavor of
Loglan prims. Normally people will have a tendency to invent borrowings
as they need them, probably using as a basis for the prefix an
international word if they know one, a Loglan prim or metaphor if
applicable, or likely a word from their own language. At this stage, an
auditor or reader easily can tell it is a borrowing, and the suffix tells
him the general subject matter of the word. The remainder is possibly
unknown, but may be deducible from the clues of context and category.

When a borrowing is submitted to the Academy for formalizing, however,
the 8 languages technique will be used, attempting to maximize
multilingual recognition scores. Note that more flexibility exists due to
the variable length possible. For a word that qualifies for consideration
as an n-prim, use the native language as a 9th (if necessary when not one
of the 8 basic languages) with a weight of .50. (This would normalize to
a 1/3 weight for a 9th language, but the normalized value would vary if
one of the 8 were the native tongue increased to .50; I am suggesting
that normalization not be bothered with; we want relative scores for a
single word more than comparison with other words). The result might be
that Swahili might dictate simbrnima (lion-animal), if it were not
already a prim. An Innuit might propose iglrhasa for igloo, but the
Academy might weight the construction by the 8 languages (which I'll
represent by bisli, their composite) into bisgluhasa.

Of course, when the Academy decides that a word is to be formalized, if
it is one which is frequently used and conceptually understood by the
entire range of the Loglan community, it could utilize the untouched
region of borrowing space to devise a shorter word, without suffixes. If
it is used metaphorically, of course, it could be turned into a C-prim
form, with an affix.

4. As I've implied in my examples, we have a handy way to attach the two
parts together, and incidentally solve many problems of creating an
impermissible initial and render the resulting occasional mish-mash of
consonants pronounceable  - our now free r/l/n vocalics inserted at a C/C
juncture. They aren't always needed, but can serve as a handy reminder
that one has a borrowing - the consonant masses in the middle look
daunting at first, but as taste tests showed, are both pronounceable and
understandable. And they occur nowhere else in Loglan except names.

Every complex suffix starts with a -C, and every prefix either ends with
a vocalic, in which case no hyphen is needed, a consonant, in which case
the vocalic serves as both buffer and hyphen, or a vowel, in which case
one must (optionally?) choose between the recognizability a final vowel
might give, and possible confusion of xCV- -CVCV with any possible x-
-CVCVCV forms. I do not suggest formalization of rules at this point. I
think usage will give an answer. I've used examples of each elsewhere in
this newsletter for people to unscientifically taste test. Your opinions,
please.

My personal preference is to use the vocalic hyphen both when required to
give a consonant pair, to make otherwise illegal joints possible, and
also whenever it may be useful as a buffer. But, as those who look
closely at the examples in this newsletter will see, I try to preserve
the recognizability of the prefix, often choosing an n or l hyphen, or
even letting the end of the borrowing form merge with the suffix, if it
seems to make sense. The way that borrowings are likely to be coined - on
the fly in conversation - supports such informality, although it may be
desirable after a few years experience to impose some more rigid rules.

5. A final note, not yet thoroughly tested. It seems that this approach
gives a solution to the problem of how to form borrowings into complexes.
I do not know just how complete the solution is:

a. It seems that you can always take the unreduced affix CVCCy and CCVCy
and prefix into onto a pseudocomplex. The y, never found in a prim or a
borrowing, tells the parser that the beginning is not yet complete. The
parser then sucks up the borrowing whole; we already know that the
borrowing doesn't fall apart. Similarly, though less desirable, one can
replace the final vowel of a borrowing by y and swallow up a following
prim or borrowing into a complex. There could be some morphological
ambiguity in the latter, since the borrowing suffixes are not unique
without final vowels, but the root is mostly intact.

An alternative is to require any -Cy- to be appended to link to a
following prim/borrowing. This leaves the root undisturbed at the expense
of an extra, if short, syllable. I suggest using the missing consonant
from the preceding borrowing suffix as an arbitrary solution. That is
what I did in the one example below.

b. CVC affixes also prefix well with a -y hyphen, although with vowel
initial borrowings, some pronunciation problems may exist. These problem
also apply to case a.

c. CCV affixes are uncertain. It looks like they prefix without a hyphen,
but then it looks just like a longer borrowing, if one that might be
interpretable from multiple roots. (See French-Canadian in the
nationalities in the MACTEACH word-list article below). If a -Cy- is
needed to join, one might as well use the unreduced form. CCV final seems
ok with either rule from case a.

d. CVV/Cvv also join well as prefixes, but blend, using the r/l/n hyphen.
Final, they work like all others, similarly to case a.

My personal taste is for the unreduced form with y as a prefix and -Cy-
and whatever works as a suffix. The longer word forms shouldn't be too
bad. These are, after all, complexes of borrowings; they are generally
not heavily used in themselves or they would be prims. So a borrowing
complex is inherently less likely to be a frequent concept.

I also like the idea of longer borrowings. It puts a Zipfean prejudice
against jargon in conversation, and heightens to emphasis in Loglan on
the prims and LWs. This will tend to separate Loglan further form English
for English-speaking Loglanists, and will also tend to heighten Whorfian
effects, since the impact of other languages through borrowing will tend
to be selected against. English jargonizes by shortening, and results in
efficient specialized talk among those who know the vocabulary, but poor
communication skills with those outside of specialty groups. I know -
I've made my mark professionally as a rare computer specialist who can
write coherently - and most of you have tried to read either a computer
manual or a legal document. The proposal biases away from jargon, and our
tendency as primarily English speakers who work in specialized fields
like computers and linguistics. And until we have a body of non-English
speaking Loglanists, we will need to be constantly aware of the potential
for English bias.


Examples abound, but I'll remake a couple of food prims to wrap this up.
Banla, our old friend the banana, can be redone as:

banlrcidi      for generic types of banana food (mashed, chopped, sliced,
dried into trail mix or the fruit after you peel it).

banlrticu      the tree
banlrfuta      the fruit
banlrlifa      the leaves

livbu, the apparently deleted prim (not in the MT1 list) becomes

livbrticu      olive tree
livbrcidi      olives, pitted, green, black, chopped, ground, or sliced
livbrsida      the pit
livbrfuta      the fruit, unpitted
livbrkolo      olive color

or to make a new (old) metaphor

norjrticu      orange tree
norjrfuta      orange fruit
norjrcidi      as you eat it
norjrsida      the seeds
norjrsapi      the peel

and the old joke about what the chicken said when a fruit was found in
the nest becomes

Vizka le norjrsapinymarmlcidi, which loses something in the translation.


                            More on MACTEACH

As mentioned above, the upgraded MACTEACH will have a cassette tape which
may be reviewed with computer display to match. jcb plans to make such a
tape upon his return. We will try to have such a tape to go with each
version of MACTEACH, although we may not be able to reissue the tape each
time the word list changes. MACTEACH will organize lessons and learning
sessions for you, and will drill you on the words that you have trouble
learning. It supports several users working on different word lists to
proceed independently. When word lists need update, except for the
problem of the cassette tape, a simple text editor can make changes, so
we can keep you current without much difficulty.

Nora and I have laid out a series of successively more advanced MACTEACH
programs which we have the know-how to design. Eventually, with the
grammar, we will need jcb's help to refine the details, but we intend
even that to use as input the latest trial grammar in a usable raw form.
The following summarizes the current plan:

MT1       Primitives - Recognition/Recall, Loglan/English
MT2       Affixes - Recognition/Recall, Affix/Loglan and Affix/English
MT3       Complex Making - Recognition/Recall
               a) Complex/component affixes
               b) Complex/English metaphor
               c) Complex/English keyword
MT4       Conversion/Abstraction (Argument Structure) - Primitives
               a) nu fu ju
               b) po pu zo
               c) lo lopo lopu
MT5       Conversion/Abstraction - Complexes
MT6       Little Words
               a) quantifiers
               b) letterals
               c) attitudes
               d) auxiliary words
               e) grammatical supports
               f) connectives
               g) compounds
               h) phrases
MT7       Borrowings
               a) Borrowing Affixes (subject to approval of my proposal
below)
               b) Recognition/Recall of significant words
MT8       Formal Argument Structures - Primitives
               a) using pua, pue, pui, puo, puu to label positions
               b) using case tags to label argument type
MT9       Formal Argument Structures - Complexes
MT10      Predicates - All concepts from L1 Chapter 3 tested collectively
MT11      Arguments - All concepts from L1 Chapter 4 tested collectively
MT12      Simple Utterances - From planned NB3 section and revised
     Teaching Corpus.
MT13      Parsing - You learn to do what LIP does instinctively.
MT14      Complex Utterances - From planned NB3 section and revised
     Teaching Corpus.
MT15      Translation - Randomly generated grammatical Loglan text will
     be generated which you can translate and check. Based on Nora's
     sentence generator, modified to give more meaningful sentences.

The above is of course subject to your comments. We're still only working
on MT2. But we believe that when you finish the 15 levels of MACTEACH,
you will know the language as well as it can be taught without having
someone to practice with.

Pricing - I am suggesting the following as a pricing structure for the
MACTEACH series. Do you think it is reasonable?

$50 for the initial program (old MT1 and new thrown in when available)
$25/program up to MT9, then $35/program (grammar programming will be
harder)
$10/updated list or significant enhancement (except MT1 for those who
preordered it - thus new orders will be $60 for both programs, dropping
back to $50 after the new program is delivered.)
$5/minor update, basically to cover diskette and shipping costs.

If you use a machine for which MACTEACH is not supplied, I am
recommending that you be able to buy another version, receiving it either
via modem or diskette. You can then make any necessary changes in
language, screen protocol, etc. and user's manual. Upon returning an
updated copy to the Institute, you would get a 50% rebate, and receive a
share of any royalties on sales for your machine. If more than 5 copies
are sold, the remaining 50% would be rebated, as well.


                 Problems with the MACTEACH 1 Word List

When I started learning the words using MACTEACH, I discovered, much to
my chagrin, that several words I knew (from post-GMR lists) had been
changed. I started checking the list against the master list I had
confirmed with jcb in June, and found that the master list isn't master
any more. I made a list of differences, and found that 90% of them could
be easily explained by thinking about what jcb must have run into during
the Scientific American Translation project. He apparently had never
noted them in his master list. But there are a few places where mistakes
in the MT1 list are likely. Also, as I started doing dictionary work, I
noticed some new prims, some changes (especially to I-prims), and many
changes to argument structures. I gave up analyzing the latter, the
abbreviated structures given in the MT1 list are insufficient to compare
accurately against the old dictionary. But there are either changes, or
jcb made some mistakes.

When Nora visited last week, we went through each word as time permitted.
My annotated list should be an Appendix. Meanwhile, use the MT1 list, it
is better than any set of mark-up set of changes to the TL6 lists that I
can easily give you, the changes are so numerous. Thus Appendix 3 of last
month's issue is woefully incomplete (although I don't think any of those
changes are wrong). Following are the major problems I've noted,
categorized, and my proposals to fix them. Please note that I went
through the full learning process with MT1 using the existing list prior
to making these proposals, so you know I'm paying at least as high a
relearning penalty as anyone - I've certainly avoided changes that are
purely aesthetic.

1. Problems with the keywords vice clue words: In many cases jcb has
given clue words in the English expansion that are not identical in
meaning with the Loglan primitive, such as 'mortal' for morto. In many of
these cases, including the latter, the clue word was the one used in the
etymology to enhance recognition scores. However, in some cases, he has
taken a good clue word, often with multiple meanings, as the keyword;
this can lead to ambiguities or misinterpretations of meaning. Examples
are 'crook' for gokru, 'stuff' for ctifu, harbor for harko, order for
korji, post for posta. 'Pad' is used as the keyword for spadi and the
clue word for padzi. The most common use of pad in English is closer to
padzi in meaning. 'Pad' is a good clue word for both, but 'mattress' and
'cushion' are more clear for someone learning the primitives. Likewise,
'crush' is the clue word for kraco and the keyword for zakra; I have
proposed 'pulverize (to bits)' to be the latter keyword, with 'crush'
kept as a clue word. In our proposed changes, we added clue words for
about 50 words based on the etymology, and in some cases changed the key
word while keeping the old key word as a clue word. We also added the
English metrical prefixes as clue words.

2. Many I-prims have been changed, in some cases without obvious
unpacking necessity. Some were more recognizable as a result (hotle uses
h), but others were made less so. For example, perna in L4 was changed to
perli in NB2, and now to persa. Of the three, perli gives the best
recognition, since it captures some Chinese. I've now done some
dictionary work to support my analysis. As a result, I am now of the
opinion that the I-prims should be justified with 8 language etymologies
to be considered truly international (in which case they are
indistinguishable from C-prims). Many I-prims do not appear to translate
as cognates in the oriental languages, and Russian also tends to have a
low score. I suspect that the recognition scores for most I-prims as they
are currently made, would be no higher than blanu or matma.

In addition, many of the I-prims are not low Eaton numbers, so that it is
even questionable whether they should be short prims rather than longer
borrowings. jcb seems to have seen this in some cases; about 1/4 of the
I-prims were left out of the MT1 list, including spera, pasli, kalko
(which I also thought was calico rather than cocoa). On the other hand,
konse was left out, and it is a useful word. To unpack it and improve its
recognition score, I suggest konce. And londa ('x is fair in
complexion/hair color') is difficult to make a metaphor for.

Barcu, ckafe, and kabre should also go away, among others. Based on the
L4 definition, a bar is a tavern or taberna in Spanish and Wirthaus in
German. But in French it is either cabaret (the source of kabre) or cafe
(the source of ckafe). And I would apparently have trouble defining a
cafe internationally; in the U.S. it usually is a small restaurant (cmalo
resra), but often refers to an all-night diner/coffee shop; in Paris, the
meaning is apparently much more specific and limited.

jcb apparently went to a great deal of trouble (see below) to make room
for volta as a prim. It, and nearly all other measurement units, should
be borrowings - they are seldom used in non-technical communication, and
even more rarely occur in complexes. (I am proposing voltlekmeli as a
replacement.)

3. Articles of clothing are another matter, especially since some are C-
prims. Blusa(blouse), an I-prim, has a totally different meaning in the
U.S. than in Europe. In the U.S., only women wear blouses. In other
countries, and in the major English definition of the word, only men wear
a shirt (a collared, button-down formal dress top for men), but in the
1980's unisex fashions have modified that definition, at least in this
country. After discussion, Nora and I are proposing that all of the
garment prims be retained, but rendered genderless in definition. This
actually fits international usages of the concepts quite well, and covers
most major forms of dress. The new definitions are:

resfu     generic garment prim, and root of any complex not covered by
the other prims.

cadre     a full- length garment (top and bottom half combined); the best
genderless English equivalent is 'robe'.

pantu     a lower-half (of a) garment with legs vice open-bottomed; pantu
cadre would mean either a pant-dress (usually worn by women), or a
jumpsuit (worn by both sexes, with only minor differences).

skara     a lower-half (of a) garment which is skirted (open-bottomed) an
English 'dress' would be skara cadre.

blusa     a fullness in the top-half (of a) garment (blousing in English)
It can thus be used as blusa curta (the American use of blouse), blusa
cadre skara (a blouson, in current American fashion), or even blusa cadre
pantu (coveralls)

curta     a top-half (of a) garment, genderless. Kalra curta would refer
to the formal shirt/blouse.

kapma     a garment for the top of the head.

cutci     low-topped leg-less outer footwear.

butpa     high-topped legged outer footwear.

hozda     stockings/socks, inner footwear with or without legs.

A suit is durna resfu, a gown is durna cadre, and an evening gown is
durna cadre skara; a tie is durna nanda, with a bow tie being a kalra
durna nanda; a brooch would lose its prim and become durna pinda, while a
medal would be barda pinda or briga pinda, depending on its purpose; a
belt or girdle (classic definition) is litnu resfu (the ladies
undergarment 'girdle' is ninri litnu resfu, and brassiere is titfa
resfu);

I think the above examples demonstrate that we have proposed truly
primitive, useful, and culturally neutral concepts for each clothing
prim.

3. There are serious problems with jcb's concept of nationality trios
such as logla, logli, loglo for Loglan language, people, and culture,
respectively. The problems are:

a. jcb has included the 8 source languages, Loglan, and also Italian,
Scottish, Amerind, and Roman in the MT1 list. The reasons for including
the latter four as prims are unclear. It could be because they have low
Eaton numbers, but this is a case where Eaton is definitely obsolete, as
international politics has evolved. In any case, there are far too many
languages, cultures, and peoples of the world to use C-prim space for
each. And in some cases, there are languages without distinctive peoples,
peoples without distinctive languages, etc.

b. A more fatal flaw comes from the concept of these words as primitives.
They cannot be made into unique complexes. For example, a student of the
Japanese language, and a student of the Japanese culture would both be
ponjystude.

By the way, this leads to the implication that the final vowel in Loglan
prims is important only for recognizability and affix generation,
something jcb (intuitively?) noticed when he arbitrarily assigned the -i
ending when remaking gotso to godzi, because it gave the best affix set.
This may have long term implications, as I can see the language evolving
to attach meanings. Meanwhile, as long as you do not pronounce a schwa
(which would make it a hyphen), a computer, if not a human, should be
able to resolve the word, based on the first four letters.

c. Other related words, the monetary units, are ambiguous. It seems clear
that dalra was intended to mean the American dollar. However, Kieran
might justifiably disagree (and we have no word yet for Canadian). For
some reason, Chinese and Japanese monetary units are not included - even
though the yen is one of the four most important currencies today.

This problem has a ready solution, especially given my proposal for
making borrowings described above.  For the 8 root languages and Loglan,
a prim meaning 'pertaining to the ... people, culture, or language' is
needed.  I also added a word for Hispanic, pertaining to Latin America,
since the Spanish culture and Latino culture are quite different, in the
same way that Americans and British are different, while still both
English.  I have selected the -i ending, except for Loglan which uses -a
for traditional reasons associated with the language name.  Each such
word is defined with an affix for complex-making.  This required a
little remaking.  We also need a C-prim for 'culture', certainly a
primitive concept (I tried hard to come up with a clear metaphor without
success).  It turns out kultu gives a very high recognizability (49% or
more), though there are no affixes available in that region.  We thus
have:

dotci     doc       Germanic, Teutonic
frasi     fra       French
gleci     gle       English (especially British)
hespi     hes       Spanish (from Espana, replaces span- which has no
affixes)
hindi     hin       Hindu
hispi     his       Hispanic
jungi     jug       Chinese (jug is taken from jugra which uses it in
only one complex)
logla     log       Loglandic
merki     mer       American (taken from merji, which can use mej
instead)
nipni     nip       Japanese (replaces ponj- which has no convenient
affixes)
ruski     ruk       Russian

To these, the affix -leu is added for lengu(language), -peu for
pernu(people), or -kultu for culture. In addition -cme can be used for
the primary monetary unit, and -gui for the country (Unfortunately, poldi
has no final affix, though it might be preferable when associated with a
culture to describe the country of a people).

Thus we end up with:

docleu    docpeu    dockultu  docrcme   docgui
fraleu    frapeu    frakultu  fracme    fragui
gleleu    glepeu    glekultu  glecme    glegui
hesleu    hespeu    heskultu  hesrcme   hesgui
hinleu    hinpeu    hinkultu  hincme    hingui
hisleu    hispeu    hiskultu  hisrcme   hisgui
(Latin America is lo hisgui; Hispanic-money is probably meaningless
without lo)
jugleu    jugpeu    jugkultu  jugcme    jugrgui
logleu    logpeu    logkultu  logcme    logrgui
merleu    merpeu    merkultu  mercme    mergui
nipleu    niprpeu   nipkultu  nipcme    nipgui
rukleu    rukpeu    rukrkultu rukcme    rukrgui

For other countries, peoples, monetary units, the complex making proposal
included elsewhere should be used. Some examples that probably need no
translation since they are obvious when pronounced, if not seen
(parenthetical words have limited use except possibly with lo):

italrlegu      italrpenu      italrkulu      italrmeni      italrguni
kandalegu           kandapenu      kandakulu      kandameni      kandagun
i
(also kandafralegu, frasykandapenu - showing how borrowings of this form
can be complexed, etc. - this, by the way, is an example where I chose
kanda- over the hyphenated kandr- for recognizability. Any preference?)
skatrlegu      skatrpenu      skatrkulu      (skatrmeni)         skatrgun
i
dansklegu      danskrpenu          danskulu       danskrmeni          dan
skrguni
ijeptrlegu          ijeptrpenu          ijeptrkulu          ijeptrmeni
     ijeptrguni
brazlegu       brazlpenu      brazlkulu      brazlmeni      brazlguni
mekhiklegu          mekhikpenu          mekhikulu      mekhikmeni
mekhikoguni
polsklegu      polskapenu          polskulu       polskameni          pol
skaguni
(or use polskr- to include an r hyphen)
vietnamlegu         vietnampenu         vietnamkulu         vietnameni
     vietnamguni
sualhilegu          swalhipenu          swalhikulu          (swalhimeni)
(swalhiguni)
(or suarhil-
inhuitlegu          inhuitpenu          inhuitkulu          (inhuitmeni)
(inhuitguni)

4. I have problems with the element words in the MT1 list. Since jcb
assigned me to propose remade words, my response is detailed in an
Appendix. In short, I believe an element word should not occupy C-prim
space or be assigned affixes, unless it really is likely to be used
metaphorically, in which case the primitive really should mean x-like, or
x-pertaining, where x is an element which has a separate chemical
borrowing as per the Appendix. Only carbon, iron, silver, gold, lead, and
copper, have been used in a good metaphor in L4 (tin has been used in
tinny, which has many different meanings in English - but usually means
metallic; I can't find it in other languages' dictionaries). Chromium and
radium and sulfur have obvious metaphorical use, and possibly helium,
calcium, neon, phosphorus, sodium, hydrogen, mercury, oxygen, chlorine,
and perhaps potassium, titanium, or aluminum have less obvious, but
definable metaphorical properties, but have never been used as such.
Zinc, nickel, and tin have few such uses, even though they were easy to
make C-prim forms of. In any case, with chemical compounds written in
acronym form most of the time, the only justification for a C-prim form
is for ease in making metaphorical complexes, and that alone should be
the basis for an inclusion decision. Furthermore, while many of the
proposed prims could have affixes out of the remaining space, I
personally feel they should not, unless a few metaphors of likely non-
technical use are conceived. The affixes proposed in the Appendix can
always be used in borrowings, but let's leave room in the prim and affix-
space for growth in the non-technical language.

5. This next problem has slowed the complex-making. jcb and I never
discussed how to automatically select between two CVC affixes for a word
when two are available. There are a couple of dozen words with two CVC
affixes; for most of these, one could be easily eliminated without
causing more than one or two hyphenated complexes. And doing so would
free up some affixes which would enhance affix space to allow coverage of
the several prims which may have complexes when the Eaton work is done.
In most cases, deleting a CVC has minimal effect on non-hyphenated
coverage, and in a couple of cases (e.g. godzi - dzi), I was able to find
a CCV that would relieve hyphenation pressure. But from my taste-testing,
I don't find the hyphenated CVCyCxx form that bad, especially when the
other choice requires learning a more complicated complex-making
algorithm. I've made recommendations in the Appendix based on which affix
deletions cause least hyphenation. It seldom is more than 1 or 2 words.

Meanwhile MT2 is being designed to test the current 2 CVC possibilities.
Believe me, it will be much tougher to learn in those circumstances, as
we've discovered just in trying to devise a good program design. The
program will be simplified, of course, if dual CVC affixes are
eliminated. I've deferred remaking the dictionary complexes until jcb
gives me some direction. The complex-remaking program has been delayed,
anyway, due to time conflicts.

6. There are a few apparent 'true errors', where it seems that jcb may
have made a mistake or lost a change he had made to his master list. The
most significant is the reversal of nervi and nurvo. The former used to
be nerve, and was still that way as of the master list. Nervous had been
remade to the latter. The MT1 list has them backwards, which leads to
major losses in recognition scores. (Nervous actually gets a nice C-prim
recognition score as nurvo). Since both have only CVC affixes, re-
exchanging them should have little effect.

blako and marpi were omitted, as was dapli. (The latter overlaps ponda
and retpi in meaning, and can be deleted, if the e-trans for the others
are modified). Dertu and detra were changed on jcb's Master list to
deu/der and det/dea respectively; they still have the old affixes in the
MT1 list. dic was omitted from ditca, hea from helba, meo from metro, mou
from mordu, and sno was snola in the summary tables in NB2, but has never
been on any list. Surdi was changed to surla for no apparent reason - it
sounds closer now to surna/surva than it did to sundi, so unpacking seems
unlikely. And it destroys the symmetry and learnability of nordi/surdi
and lesta/lusta. There are also the few inevitable typos that survive
even multiple edit passes (rolgu, malbi, and a missing argument '..' in
nutra, etc.) jcb also used American spellings in all key words, until I
got to gray/grey. For MACTEACH, we obviously have to choose one spelling
or another, but since the new MACTEACH allows manual editing of the raw
word file, the British user can easily change back the few words that our
barbaric dialect has modified.

7. There were several prim changes for unpacking, or possibly from the SA
translation work. jcb also has added purpu, apparently the only proposed
color word from TL1 that he accepted. Affixes were added for the metrical
prims, as well as for ficli and  nerji. Pei was moved from petci to
perti, and foi was moved from fosli to fotli. A few prims were remade,
apparently to get new affixes. In general, all of these changes are
reasonable. A few cause recognition losses. My main complaint is that jcb
hadn't updated his Master list, which means an extra manual editing pass
over the whole dictionary for me to find all instances of each change -
which is time-consuming. But such changes are to be expected.

The most drastic affix change was the shuffling/remaking of vXX affixes
and their prims, with the only apparent effect of making room for volta.
I am not in favor of this type of change, partly from the relearning (and
editing) load. But recognition scores have been changed, and generally
are lower, and the whole process lends an aura of instability to the
language. In this one case, the effects are relatively small, and I don't
propose undoing the changes. But in the future, I hope that such major
changes are brought before the community, before we have to relearn them
again.

8. There are many argument changes, some vague. The changes are numerous
enough that questions could be raised (especially by critics of the
language) as to whether our argument structures are arbitrary. I think
this may currently be true, although jcb's L2 arguments indicate an
underlying rationale existed at one time. The most common change has the
addition of a 2nd argument 'from ...' to many former single-argument
nouns, such as rozme, banla, and grunu. I'm not sure what the 'from'
means, though, the original source location or a giver or a more recent
source. And some such noun-prims did not add the argument, even though
there was no apparent difference from the others that were changed.

Also, krani reversed the order of its from and to arguments. Cninu has a
completely new meaning given. Kamla added a via.. argument, while the
same L4 argument for kanla was omitted. Kutra reversed the y and w
arguments. Kruli was also changed to a different concept since L4. In
this case the concept is the more likely use of the word, but all
metaphors need to be checked and a new one formed to deal with the old
meaning (kruli mordu?). In any case, either jcb has made extensive
changes which will have to be applied to the dictionary, or these changes
were mistakes. For dictionary purposes, I am presuming the former. There
is, of course, nothing in the MT1 list that says what jcb's intentions or
rationale was in these changes, and he may have notes indicating all the
dictionary changes that need to be made for each. I have therefore
attempted to analyze the patterns in jcb's arguments and am proposing
changes as I edit, where necessary to be consistent with those patterns.
I am erring on the side of over-specification of arguments, since jcb
seems to be adding arguments rather than deleting them in his changes. If
an argument is not used, it will be dropped through non-use.

9. Nora and I are proposing the following additional changes based on our
discussions:

a. Lasti should be changed to mean plastic, more common than it was in
Eaton days. Elastic can become tetcu klabu or spori tetcu. Plastic has
comparable recognition scores. Note the MT1 definition for spori - either
it or elastic must be a complex of the other given that definition.

b. Other materials need primitives - clay and pottery are good examples.
We didn't have good enough dictionaries handy to make a proposal.

c. Furniture as a concept needs a prim. Bed and table both are primitive
concepts independent of their existence as furniture.

d. Stire is defined to mean stairs. I believe it should refer to a single
step, which has more primitive application (tiers, stepstool, stepladder,
and the front step(s) to one's porch. To make stairs, a prim is needed
for ramp (step-ramp), which is also primitive - and raises the question
of lever and pulley, the other two elementary machine types. All three
have many metaphorical uses and are hard to describe as metaphors
themselves.

e. Pundo and marli, and the new volta are examples of either non-metric
or uncommon measurement units, and the first two are not useful in
complexes (kilomile? micropound?). There simply are too many measurement
units to occupy c-prim space with (and expect people to memorize).
Measurement units beside time and metric distance should become complexes
or borrowings based on merli or skalu. Volt would then become lenki fosli
merli (lekfoimei), or as a borrowing pseudocomplex lekfoimeli, or keep
the international root with voltlekmeli.

f. Four prims have definition problems. Bitsa (between) is defined to
have a one-part form which is said to be 'beside'. However, between as a
concept can involve more than two objects; e.g. among the trees. And even
if one is between two trees, this does not mean that one is beside
either. Or better, if one is located between Boston and Atlanta, is one
beside either if the second location argument is left off. Nedza seems a
better primitive for the concept 'beside'.

Balma is unclear in that it equates ...is a ball with 'spherical'. The
earth is really an oblate spheroid. A football is not spherical, but is
still a ball, and if I wad paper into a ball, it will certainly not be
spherical. I suggest a redefinition as ...more spherical object composed
of material...as compared to...(in degrees of symmetry) Since even a
football has a high degree of symmetry, this definition fits all the
primitive uses of ball I can think of.

Then there is larte, which seems to overlap between art and skill (see
agriculturalist for an example of the latter). These seem to be two very
different concepts. The latter could be process-know, but it could appear
in so many complexes that a prim, preferably with affixes seems
desirable.

Futbo is the last. It is defined as football/field hockey. Since this
covers at least 3 or 4 sports (Canadian and American football vs. soccer,
and field hockey has variants such as rugby), I have suggested that the
word be the primitive for a outdoor/field sport (played on a defined area
or field, and originally, though not always played outdoors). Various
specific sports than can be defined as pseudocomplexes of -fubo, such as
sokrfubo, merknfubo, rugbifubo, to more esoteric variants such as
skizrfubo (competitive skiing), tensifubo (tennis), volrfubo
(volleyball), and yes, basnrfubo (baseball).

g. Exchange affixes klu and kla for kutla and klabu, respectively. This
eliminates the un-naturalness of the former.

h. Add leu for lengu, sni to sensi (which formerly was used by snire -
which in turn gets sre and/or sie.

i. The most serious unpacking problem remaining is takna/takma/tokna. The
former two are serious problems, since in a noisy battle environment, if
da heard an opponent de shout T(a/o)k(m/n)a! vocatively, da's reaction
would vary drastically, depending on da's interpretation, a potentially
fatal misunderstanding. We came up with a couple of possible remakes
which preserve or increase affix coverage. The best was changing takma to
takci, which picks up some Chinese (kung chi - I don't know the phonetics
well enough to tell how much).  Takna can be remade to something like
tanka, but again I don't know the phonetics well enough to evaluate it
(it seems to me that both the English and Chinese should be 3/3
currently, which only heightens my uncertainty.) In any case, if
recognition scores are high enough, this also gives tak to takci and tan
for tanka.

j. Breko, as defined, should not be a prim; stop-device is a logical
metaphor, but there is no prim for stop/halt with regards to motion. One
could build metaphors like move-cease, move-cease-device, and move-cease-
cause, for stop/halt, brake(n), and brake(v).

But I suggest a separate C-prim for stop/halt which is not exactly the
same as cease. (Webster's shows cease as referring to immediate
termination of individual da's activity; stop is not always immediate in
its effect, and implies an action of its own, to actively terminate
action of ba or even ra ba performing the action unless the scope is
limited. Thus cease requests passivity, while stop requests activity.

k. Djale can be remade to rinje giving a significant recognition score
increase, a more natural affix (rij), and reducing the pack of dj- words.
(Br-, tr-, tc-, and st- are the other highly packed CC initials).

l. Dilko is usually given delicious as a meaning, and that is the key
word in the MT1 list. But in looking over the metaphors it is used in,
the aspect that is most important is subtleness or delicacy (a 'little
bit'). I'm suggesting delicacy as the key word.

m. Pulso - Although the major languages all have this word, it is a
metaphor in all of them. Impulse/impel comes from the roots im- and -pull
and it means sudden-pull, as straightforward as any natural language
metaphor. Delete this prim. It should be a complex, or rather two. For
physics, it should be sudden-force. For most other usages (generally
behavioral), it can remain sudden-pull, or even be sudden-cause.

n. Sente is proposed as a C-prim for holy/sacred as per Jeff Taylor's
request printed in Loglan. I needed one, too. I get 4/8C shen sheng te
4/5E saint 2/2F saint 4/5S santo (no G or R and I don't know about H or
J). The score is at least 48%.

o. Change tcidi to tcudi, losing Spanish but reducing confusion with
titci and tcina, and giving it cud as an affix.

This sounds like a lot of changes, and an implied criticism of jcb's
work. But Jim has done an awful lot of work in the past couple of years
and I, for one don't expect perfection or all-accomplishment. It would
give the rest of us nothing to do except learn Loglan. But seriously, as
the rest of us start getting more involved, I hope this newsletter, and
perhaps a revived Institute publication scheme, will cause ideas to flow
again. It is only through our shared knowledge of the language and the
reasons for all the little decisions that went into it (and the big ones
as well), that GPA will be a positive experience. Each of us should have
the knowledge to explain, and even defend, that which we've helped Jim do
over the years, as well as that which he has done without us.

                          Summary of Appendices

Issue #1

1. Comma-Delimited Format
2. rjl submission to Lognet
3. Affix and Etymology Changes Since NB2
4. Complex-Making Algorithm, Parts 2 and 3
5. MT1 List of Prims and Affixes

This Issue

1. Proposed Borrowing Suffixes
2. Dictionary Data for Review and Comment
3. Element Words
4. Proposed Revision to MT1 List (if done in time - I may mail it
separately).



                               APPENDIX 1
                       Proposed Borrowing Suffixes

-meni     cmeni          monetary units
-dugi     dugri          other units
-meli     merli          scales of measurement
-timeli   tidjo merli    weight measurements
-kemeli   ckemo merli    time measurements

-fici     ficli          types of fish
-kopi     korti parti    lesser body parts
-mari     marpi          types of reptiles
-gamari   grada marpi    types of dinosaurs
-nima     nimla          types of animals/mammals
-nida     nirda          types of birds
-seka     sekta          types of insects
-senima   sekta nimla    types of crustaceans

-futa     fruta          types of fruit
-gudu     gusto donsu    types of seasonings
-niki     nikri          types of cheese
-hopi     hompi          types of drinks
-lihopi   likro hompi    types of alcoholic drinks
-vino     vinjo          types of wine
-cidi     tcidi          types of food (could become -cudi/tcudi

-minu     minku          types of minerals
-toku     troku          types of rocks

-fora     flora          types of flowers
-heba     herba          types of plants
-sida     sidza          types of seeds
-ticu     tricu          types of trees
-sapi     skapi          peel, skin, shell, outer covering

-guni     gunti          countries, names made by adding C
-kulu     kultu          cultures
-legu     lengu          languages
-penu     pernu          peoples

-nami     namci          titles
-binami   bilca namci    military titles
-ganami   ganta namci    nobility titles
-ginami   garni namci    government titles

-hasa     hasfa          types of housing
-teko     tekto          types of architecture
-kemi     kemdi          elements/chemicals
-kolo     kolro          colors
-refu     resfu          forms of dress
-sedi     sente denli    holidays

-petuka   petci turka    jobs/professions
-pituka   pleci turka    hobbies
-pesi     pleci sisto    games (primarily indoor)
-fubo     futbo          sports (primarily outdoor)

-maci     matci          types of machines
-pace     patce          types of devices
-tope     tomki patce    types of appliances
-mupe     muzgi patce    musical instruments
-time     trime          types of tools
-timi     trime matci    types of mechanized/power tools

-sesi     sensi          science
-fise     fizdi sensi    physics
-hese     herba sensi    botany
-huse     humni sensi    anthropology
-kese     kemdi sensi    chemistry
-likese   clivi kemdi sensi   biochemistry
-lise     clivi sensi    biology
-loji     lodji          logic
-mise     smina sensi    psychology
-nise     nimla sensi    zoology
-nuse     numcu sensi    mathematics
-pase     prase sensi    engineering
-pejo     penso djano    philosophy
-rose     rodja sensi    agronomy
-sose     socli sensi    sociology
-tase     tarci sensi    astronomy
-tese     tetri sensi    meteorology
-topese   tomki penso sensi   computer science
-tose     troku sensi    geology
-topo     tomki penso    computer terminology


                               Appendix 2
                         Dictionary Review Pages

The following are the files I have completed to date. Some minor notes on
changes to the Universal format from Issue #1 Appendix 2 are also
included.

line type 8 comments to be extracted prior to dictionary production.
line type 9 Eaton numbers, a/b/c refers to the multiple terms for a
     concept. p means that the concept is represented only partially by
     the Loglan word.
line type 2 I have added the English metaphor after a left-paren at the
end.

I have replaced the ',' after the line type on many lines with codes
indicating selection criteria or future actions/review needed:

n    new word proposal (any line)
m    metaphor change (generally line 2)
d    definition change (line 4)
e    E-trans change (line 5)

after a decision, the above will be changed back to ','

p    proposed alternate change (consensus or jcb will decide, so far
     these are only my preferences)(any line)
x    delete this line as part of a change; retained for comparison

After a decision, the above will be deleted, though a comment may be left
     in their place.

!    action item for future work, often for a decision by jcb (line 8)
c    comment (line 8)

4CPX.1

bleklimadma     1,4-Cpx\\'75\\
bleklimadma     2,blicu\kliri\madzo\madzo\(possible-explanation-make
bleklimadma     4x(3v)\x hypothesizes y about w
bleklimadma     4d(4v)\x hypothesizes y about w given conditions h
bleklimadma     8! ensure hypothesis arguments consistent, also theory
bleklimadma     5,hypothesize...about\(v)\\bleklimadma\
cliransonma     1,4-Cpx\6.0\'75\\
cliransonma     2,clika\fando\sonda\madzo\(rhyme-make
cliransonma     4x(3v)\x rhymes y with w
cliransonma     4d(4v)\x rhymes y with w in language h
cliransonma     9,17421
cliransonma     4,(1v)\x makes rhymes/a rhyme
cliransonma     5,rhymer\(n)\- one who makes rhymes\cliransonma\
cliransonma     5erhyme\(vt)\- to make a rhyme\cliransonma\
cliransonma     5,rhyme\(vt)\- make...rhyme with...\cliransonma\
djadamsenma     1,4-Cpx\\'75\\
djadamsenma     2xdjano\damni\sensi\madzo\(metaphysics-scientist
djadamsenma     2mdzabi\penso\sensi\madzo\(metaphysics scientist
djadamsenma     2pdjano\basni\sensi\madzo\(metaphysics scientist
djadamsenma     8c the old metaphor is invalid - bottom in gravity field
doesn't apply, basis is better
djadamsenma     8c but I then used the dictionary definition to derive
the suggested metaphor
djadamsenma     8c in any case ensure consistency between
metaphysics/metaphysician
djadamsenma     8! ensure consistency with metaphysics
djadamsenma     4,(1n)\x is a metaphysician
djadamsenma     5,metaphysician\(n)\\djadamsenma\
fredirgotma     1,4-Cpx\2.2\'75\\
fredirgotma     2,frena\dirco\godzi\madzo\(advance-make
fredirgotma     4x(4v)\x makes y advance from w to h
fredirgotma     4d(6v)\x makes y advance from w to h in process q under
conditions x1
fredirgotma     4,(2v)\x advances y
fredirgotma     9,06704a
fredirgotma     5eadvance...from...to...in...under...\(vt)\\fredirgotma\
gunponkrisi     1,4-Cpx\\'75\\
gunponkrisi     2,gunti\ponsu\krido\sisto\(imperialist-creed
gunponkrisi     4x(1n)\x is an instance of imperialism
gunponkrisi     4d(2n)\x is an instance of imperialism as
practiced/proposed/favored by y
gunponkrisi     5,imperialism\(n)\- a specific creed\gunponkrisi\
gunponkrisi     5,imperialistic\(a)\- pertaining to
imperialisms\gunponkrisi\
gunponkrisi     5,imperialism\(n)\- mass term of creeds\lo gunponkrisi\
klimatsitma     1,4-Cpx\\'75\\
klimatsitma     2,kliri\madzo\sisto\madzo/explanation-system-make/
klimatsitma     4x(2v)\x theorizes about y
klimatsitma     4d(4v)\x theorizes y about w under conditions h
klimatsitma     8c to make consistent with hypothesize, they should be
kept consistent if changed
klimatsitma     8! ensure consistency with  hypothesize, theory
klimatsitma     4,(1n)\x is a theoretician
klimatsitma     5etheorize\(v)\- theorize...about...\klimatsitma\
klimatsitma     5,theoretician\(n)\- one who makes theories\klimatsitma\
nirpatretka     1,4-Cpx\\'75\\
nirpatretka     4d(2a)\x is more seasonable/typical of the current season
than y
nirpatretka     8c clarification
nirpatretka     2,nirne\parti\retca\katli/season-distinctive/
nirpatretka     5,in season\(av)\- seasonable\nirpatretka\
nirpatretka     5,seasonable\(a)\- characteristic of a
season\nirpatretka\
nirpatretka     5,seasonableness\(n)\- a specific property\ pu
nirpatretka\
nodjanfirma     1,4-Cpx\\rjl,'86\\
nodjanfirma     2,no\djano\firpa\madzo\(worry-make
nodjanfirma     4x(3v)\x alarms/worries y by doing/being w
nodjanfirma     8c alarm, worry, anxious, etc. are all different Eaton
concepts
nodjanfirma     8c I am proposing that this metaphor be worry(vt) (non-
Eaton)
nodjanfirma     8c with the following as the other metaphors:
nodjanfirma     8c worry,fret(v),worried(n) no-know-fear(n = nu),
alarm(n) surprise-fear,
nodjanfirma     8c alarm(v) surprise-fear-make, anxious(a),anxiety(n)
long-fear,
nodjanfirma     8c make-anxious(non-Eaton v) long-fear-make, concern(n)
care-fear, concern(v) care-fear-make
nodjanfirma     8c alarm(n)15020 4.9 (v)11403a 3.5 worry(n)09226 2.8
worry,fret(v)10702a,b 3.2
nodjanfirma     8c anxious make 07104 2.3 concern 05305b see also fatru-
trouble, which needs vex
nodjanfirma     8! make dictionary entries for these
nodjanfirma     4d(4v)\x worries y by doing/being w under conditions h
nodjanfirma     8c5,alarm\(vt)\- worry...by...\nodjanfirma\
nodjanfirma     8c5,alarmed\(a)\- of one made anxious\nu nodjanfirma\
nodjanfirma     8c5,alarm\(n)\- a spec. state of being alarmed\po nu
nodjanfirma\
nodjanfirma     8c5,alarming\(a)\- of alarming acts/people\fu
nodjanfirma\
nodjanfirma     8c5,anxious by..., make...\(vt)\\nodjanfirma\
nodjanfirma     8c5,make...anxious by...\(vt)\\nodjanfirma\
nodjanfirma     5eworry\(vt)\- causes to be worried...by...\nodjanfirma\
nodjanfirma     5,worried\(a)\- of one made worried\nu nodjanfirma\
nodjanfirma     5,worry\(n)\- a state of having been made worried\po nu
nodjanfirma\
nodjanfirma     5,worrying\(a)\- of worrying acts/people\fu nodjanfirma\
normutfujdo     1,4-Cpx\2.4\'75\\
normutfujdo     2xno\muvdo\futci\donsu\(fixed-future-give
normutfujdo     2,no\muvdo\futci\ckozu\(fixed-future-cause
normutfujdo     4x(3v)\x destines y to fate/destiny w
normutfujdo     4,(4v)\x destines/dooms y to fate/destiny w for reason h
normutfujdo     5,doom...to...\(vt)\\normutfujdo\
normutfujdo     5,destine...to...\(vt)\\normutfujdo\
normutfujdo     9,07609
normutfujdo     5,destined\(a)\- of one destined by some agent\nu
normutfujdo\
normutfujdo     5,fated\(a)\- of one destined by some agent\nu
normutfujdo\
normutfujdo     5,doomed\(a)\- of one destined by some agent\nu
normutfujdo\
normutfujdo     5,destiny\(n)\- as given by some agent (converse)\fu
normutfujdo\
normutfujdo     9,04311c
normutfujdo     5,fate\(n)\- as given by some agent (converse)\fu
normutfujdo\
normutfujdo     9,04311a
normutfujdo     5,doom\(n)\- as given by some agent (converse)\fu
normutfujdo\
normutfujdo     9,04311b
norsetfalcu     1,4-Cpx\6.1\'75\\
norsetfalcu     2xno\selji\falji\cutse\(non-self-contradictory-say
norsetfalcu     2mno\selji\falji\kakto\(non-self-contradictory-act
norsetfalcu     4x(2v)\x is consistent with/in saying y
norsetfalcu     8c what one is consistent with must be separate from what
one says
norsetfalcu     8c also, both speech and actions can be inconsistent,
possibly with each other
norsetfalcu     4d(4v)\x is consistent with y in saying/doing w under
conditions h
norsetfalcu     8c the possible alternate is 'x is cons..with y. when
said by.. under..
norsetfalcu     5econsistent\(a)\- with...in saying, of a
speaker/actor\norsetfalcu\
norsetfalcu     9,17516
norsetfalcu     5econsistency\(n)\- a property of acting/speaking
consistently\pu norsetfalcu\
norsetfalcu     5econsistency\(n)\- mass term of action/speech
consistency properties\lo pu norsetfalcu\
norsetfalcu     5econsistent\(a)\- with...of a statement/action\fu
norsetfalcu\
norsetfalcu     5econsistency\(n)\- a property of a statement/action\pu
fu norsetfalcu\
norsetfalcu     5econsistency\(n)\- mass term of action/statement
consistency properties\lo pu fu norsetfalcu\
ponkamkrisi     1,4-Cpx\\'75\\
ponkamkrisi     2xponsu\kumtu\krido\sisto\(communal-creed
ponkamkrisi     2mmunce\ponsu\krido\sisto\(communal-creed
ponkamkrisi     8c to be consistent with ponkamkrido in 3cpx
ponkamkrisi     8! ensure consistency maintained, do commune to match
ponkamkrisi     4,(1n)\is communism/an instance of communism
ponkamkrisi     5,communism\(n)\- an instance of communism\ponkamkrisi\
ponkamkrisi     5,communistic\(a)\- pertaining to communal
creeds\ponkamkrisi\
ponkamkrisi     5,communism\(n)\- the mass of all communisms\lo
ponkamkrisi\
ponlilfurle     1,4-Cpx\1.8\'75\\
ponlilfurle     2,ponsu\lilfa\fu\letci\(own-right
ponlilfurle     4x(2n)\x is a title/right of ownership to/in y
ponlilfurle     4,(3n)\x is a title/right of ownership to/in y under
system/laws w
ponlilfurle     5,right of ownership\(n)\- title
to...under...\ponlilfurle\
ponlilfurle     5,title\(n)\- right of ownership to...\ponlilfurle\
ponlilfurle     9,05512b
ponlilfurle     8! patent invent-own copyright write-own trade secret
process-idea-own
ponlilfurle     8! license use-permit, use-permit-record monopoly trade-
all-own
rodmadlardu     1,4-Cpx\\'75\\
rodmadlardu     2,rodja\madzo\larte\durzo\(agriculture-skill-do
rodmadlardu     4d(4v)\x practices agriculture at location y using
methods w under conditions h
rodmadlardu     4,(1n)\x is an agriculturist
rodmadlardu     5,agriculturalist\(n)\\rodmadlardu\
rodmatsenma     1,4-Cpx\\'75\\
rodmatsenma     2,rodja\madzo\sensi\madzo\(agriculture-scientist
rodmatsenma     4,(1n)\x is an agronomist/agricultural scientist
rodmatsenma     5,agronomist\(n)\\rodmatsenma\
rorperkrisi     1,4-Cpx\6.9\jlt,'85\\
rorperkrisi     2xro\pernu\krido\sisto\(people-creed
rorperkrisi     2mpernu\garni\krido\sisto
rorperkrisi     8c consistency with roperkrido democrat
rorperkrisi     8! keep it consistent
rorperkrisi     4d(2n)\is an instance of democracy/a democratic creed as
practiced/believed by y
rorperkrisi     5,democracy\(n)\- a specific system\rorperkrisi\
rorperkrisi     9,18912
rorperkrisi     5,democratic\(a)\- pertaining to systems\rorperkrisi\
rorperkrisi     5,democracy\(n)\- mass term of systems\lo rorperkrisi\
tordurcutpa     1x4-Cpx\2.3\'75\\
tordurcutpa     1,2-Cpx\2.3\'75\\
tordurcutpa     2xto\durzo\cutse\papre\(contract-paper
tordurcutpa     2mtogri\papre\(agreement-paper
tordurcutpa     8c shorter metaphor for common word, also often more than
2 involved
tordurcutpa     8! make tordurcu consistent
tordurcutpa     4x(3n)\x is a written contract y between parties w
tordurcutpa     4d(5n)\x is a written contract to do y under conditions w
between parties h under legal system q
tordurcutpa     9,07206a
tordurcutpa     5econtract\(n)\- written, to do...under...made
by...\tordurcutpa\
tordurcutpa     5ecovenant\(n)\- written, to do...under...made
by...\tordurcutpa\
tordurcutpa     9,07206b
tordurcutpa     5ecompact\(n)\- written, to do...under...made
by...\tordurcutpa\
tordurcutpa     9,07206d
tordurcutpa     5eparties\(n)\- legal, pertaining to contracts\ju
tordurcutpa\
tordurcutpa     5eparty\(n)\- specific term, legal, pertaining to
contracts\po ju tordurcutpa\
tordurcutpa     9,06303a
tordurcutpa     5eexpiration\(n)\- terminating condition of a contract\fu
tordurcutpa\
tordurcutpa     9,13705

3CPX.1

djadamsensi     1,3-Cpx\\'75\  %\
djadamsensi     2xdjano\damni\sensi\(know-below science
djadamsensi     2mdjano\basni\sensi\(know-basis science
djadamsensi     8c damni is the wrong kind of 'below'
djadamsensi     4,(1n)\is metaphysics/is a metaphysical law or principle
djadamsensi     4d(2n)\is a metaphysical law/principle about subject y
djadamsensi     5,metaphysics\(n)\- a science of metaphysics\djadamsensi\
djadamsensi     5,metaphysical\(a)\- pertaining to scientific
metaphysics\djadamsensi\
djadamsensi     5emetaphysics\(n)\- the science as a whole\lo
djadamsensi\
durfomporli     1,3-Cpx\2.3\'75\  %\
durfomporli     2,durzo\forma\porli\(manner-master
durfomporli     4x(2n)\x is the conductor of orchestra/performance y
durfomporli     4d(3n)\x is the conductor of orchestra y in performance w
durfomporli     9,07311b
durfomporli     5,conductor\(n)\- as of a band\durfomporli\
durfomporli     5,conduct\(vt)\- control the manner/style
of...\durfomporli\
durfomporli     5,conducting\(n)\- an act of style-controlling\po
durfomporli\
grozbumarmu     1,3-Cpx\1.7\'75\  %\
grozbumarmu     2,groda\zbuma\tarmu\(big-gun
grozbumarmu     4x(1n)\is a cannon/field-piece/a piece of artillery
grozbumarmu     4d(1n)\is a cannon/field-piece
grozbumarmu     9,05022b
grozbumarmu     8c artillery is a different concept in Eaton
grozbumarmu     5,cannon\(n)\- artillery piece\grozbumarmu\
daryreotau      1n3-Cpx\3.8\rjl,'86\ %\
daryreotau      2ndarli\renro\tarmu\(far-throw-weapon
daryreotau      4n(2n)\x is an artillery piece from event/period y
daryreotau      4n(1n)\x is an artillery piece
daryreotau      9n12224
daryreotau      5,artillery\(n)\- a spec. piece\daryreotau\
daryreotau      5,artillery\(n)\- mass term\lo daryreotau\
gunponkrido     1,3-Cpx\\'75\  %\
gunponkrido     2,gunti\ponsu\krido\(empire-believe
gunponkrido     4,(2a)\x is more imperialistic than y
gunponkrido     4,(1n)\x is an imperialist
gunponkrido     5,imperialist\(n)\\gunponkrido\
gunponkrido     5,imperialistic\(a)\- pert. to imperialists\gunponkrido\
kandurmatci     1x3-Cpx\\'75\  %\
kandurmatci     8c delete this, obsolete and non-Eaton
kandurmatci     2xkonte\durzo\matci\(counting-machine
kandurmatci     4x(1n)\x is a counter/a machine for counting y
kandurmatci     5xcounter\(n)\- a machine\kandurmatci\
norcenjalti     1,3-Cpx\\'75\  %\
norcenjalti     2,no\cenja\jalti\(constant-product
norcenjalti     4x(3a)\x is inversely proportional to y with product w
norcenjalti     4d(4a)\x is inversely proportional to y with product w
for property h
norcenjalti     5,constant of inverse proportionality\(n)\\fu
norcenjalti\
norcenjalti     5,inversely proportional to...\(a)\\norcenjalti\
norcenjalti     5,inversely, varies\(av)\- with fixed
product...\norcenjalti\
norcenjalti     5,the less...the more...\(ph)\- with fixed
product\norcenjalti\
norcenjalti     5,the more...the less...\(ph)\- with fixed
product\norcenjalti\
norcenjalti     5,varies inversely with...\(v)\\norcenjalti\
ponkamkrido     1,3-Cpx\\'75\  %\
ponkamkrido     2xponsu\kumtu\krido\(communal-believe
ponkamkrido     2mmunce\ponsu\krido\(community-own-believe
ponkamkrido     8c if munce is not proper, kumtu\ponsu seems better than
ponsu\kumtu
ponkamkrido     8! if it is ok must change commune,communism to match
ponkamkrido     4,(2v)\x believes in communism y
ponkamkrido     4,(1n)\x is a communist
ponkamkrido     5,communistic\(a)\- of persons\ponkamkrido\
ponkamkrido     5,communist\(n)\- one who believes in
communism\ponkamkrido\
kumgotponkri    1n4-Cpx\6.1\rjl,'86\  %\
kumgotponkri    2nkumtu\gotri\ponsu\krido\(common-industry-own-believe
kumgotponkri    4n(2v)\x believes in socialism y
kumgotponkri    4n(1n)\x is a socialist/social democrat
kumgotponkri    9n17624
kumgotponkri    5nsocialistic\(a)\- of persons\kumgotponkri\
kumgotponkri    5nsocialist\(n)\- one who believes in
socialism\kumgotponkri\
kumgotponkri    5nsocial democrat\(n)\- one who believes in social
democracy\kumgotponkri\
kumgotponkrisio 1n5-Cpx\6.1\rjl,'86\  %\
kumgotponkrisio 2nkumtu\gotri\ponsu\krido\sisto\(common-industry-own-
creed
kumgotponkrisio 8c alternately the international. metaphor
socli\re\pernu\krido\sisto
kumgotponkrisio 8c which is social democracy
kumgotponkrisio 4n(1n)\x is socialism or social democracy/an instance of
socialism or social democracy
kumgotponkrisio 9n17624
kumgotponkrisio 5nsocialism\(n)\- an instance of
socialism\kumgotponkrisio\
kumgotponkrisio 5nsocialistic\(a)\- pertaining to socialist
creeds\kumgotponkrisio\
kumgotponkrisio 5nsocialism\(n)\- the mass of all socialisms\lo
kumgotponkrisio\
kumgotponkrisio 5nsocial democracy\(n)\- an instance of social
democracy\kumgotponkrisio\
kumgotponkrisio 5nsocial democracy\(n)\- the mass of all social
democracies\lo kumgotponkrisio\
rodmatsensi     1,3-Cpx\\'75\  %\
rodmatsensi     2,rodja\madzo\sensi\(cultivate-science
rodmatsensi     4,(1n)\x is an instance of agronomy
rodmatsensi     4,(1a)\x is agronomical
rodmatsensi     5,agronomy\(n)\- an instance\rodmatsensi\
rodmatsensi     5,agronomical\(a)\- pertaining to agronomy\rodmatsensi\
rodmatsensi     5,agronomy\(n)\- mass term\lo rodmatsensi\
rorperkrido     1x3-Cpx\5.0\'75\  %\
rorperkrido     1p4-Cpx\5.0\'75\  %\
rorperkrido     1m3-Cpx\5.0\jlt,'85\  %\
rorperkrido     2xro\pernu\krido\(people-believer
rorperkrido     2pre\pernu\garni\krido\(most-people-govern-believer
rorperkrido     2mpernu\garni\krido\(people-govern-believer
rorperkrido     4,(2a)\x is more democratic than y
rorperkrido     4,(1n)\x is a democrat
rorperkrido     9,15324
rorperkrido     5,democrat\(n)\\rorperkrido\
rorperkrido     5,democratic\(a)\- believes in peoples rule\rorperkrido\
rorperkrido     5edemocratic\(a)\- pertaining to democrats\rorperkrido\

LPRIM.1

lesta           1,L-prim\2.0\'75\\les
lesta           4d(2a)\x is further east than y
lesta           4d(2pp)\x is east/eastward of y
lesta           4d(1n)\x is east/in the east
lesta           5,eastern\(a)\- more east than...\lesta\
lesta           9,08803a
lesta           5,east of...\(pp)\- toward the east\lesta\
lesta           5eeasterly\(a)\- pertaining to (from/to/in) the
east\lesta\
lesta           5eeast, ...in the\(pp)\- a place to the east of
here\lesta\
lesta           5eeast\(n)\- a place to the east of here\lesta\
lesta           9,06129a
lesta           5,eastward\(av)\- in an easterly way\lesta\
lesta           9,06129c
lesta           6,norlesta\nordi\lesta\\
lesta           6,surlesta\surdi\lesta\\
logla           1,L-prim\\'75\\log
logla           8c verify affix, the log- series is the prototype for my
proposals re culture-specific terminology
logla           8c I have also included the MCT1 prim-series for
comparison labelled as p lines
logla           4p(1n)\x is an element/feature/expression of loglan
logla           5ploglan\(a)\- pertaining to the loglan language\logla\
logla           5ploglan\(n)\- an element of loglan\logla\
logla           5ploglan\(n)\- the mass of such elements\lo logla\
logla           4d(2a)\ x is loglandic in manner y
logla           5eloglandic\(a)\- pertains to the hypothetical
culture\logla\
logleu          1n2-Cpx\\rjl,'86\\
logleu          3nlogla\lengu\\(loglandic-language
logleu          8c I have proposed leu as an affix for lengu - it is free
and useful
logleu          4n(1n)\x is an element/feature/expression of loglan
logleu          5nloglan\(a)\- pertaining to the loglan language\logleu\
logleu          5nloglan\(n)\- an element of loglan\logleu\
logleu          5nloglan\(n)\- the mass of such elements\lo logleu\
logpeu          1n2-Cpx\\rjl,'86\\
logpeu          3nlogla\pernu\loglandic-person
logpeu          4n(1n)\x is a Loglandian
logpeu          5nloglandian\(n)\- a citizen of the hypothetical
Loglandia\logpeu\
logpeu          5nloglandians\(n)\- the populace of Loglandia\lo logpeu\
logykultu       1n2-Cpx\\rjl,'86\\
logykultu       3nlogla\grupa\loglandic-group
logykultu       8c what is really needed is a c-prim for culture - it is
not easily subject to metaphorizing
logykultu       4n(1n)\x is the Loglandic culture
logykultu       5nloglandic\(n)\- the hypothetical culture of
Loglandia\logykultu\
logykultu       5nloglandia\(n)\- an element\instance of Loglandian
culture\po logykultu\
logcme          1n2-Cpx\\rjl,'86\\
logcme          3nlogla\cmeni\loglandic-money
logcme          8c the basic monetary unit of any country would be built
on a parallel metaphor
logcme          8c there would be no prim for pound, mark, dollar, etc.
logcme          8c the p-prims are ambiguous anyway - there are several
countries with pound, dollar & mark units
logcme          4n(1n)\x is a Loglandian monetary unit, la Logcmer
logcme          5nla logcmer\(n)\- the monetary unit of the hypothetical
Loglandia\logcme\
Logyguis, la    1nName\\rjl,'86\\
Logyguis, la    3nlogla\gunti\loglandic-country
Logyguis, la    4n(na)\x is Loglandia, the hypothetical country where
Loglan is spoken culturally
Logyguis, la    5nloglandia\(na)\- the hypothetical country\la Logyguis\
logli           1pL-Prim\\'86\\
logli           4p(1n)\x is a Loglandian
logli           5ploglandian\(n)\- a citizen of the hypothetical
Loglandia\logli\
logli           5ploglandians\(n)\- the populace of Loglandia\lo logli\
loglo           1pL-Prim\\'86\\
loglo           4p(1n)\x is the Loglandic culture
loglo           5ploglandic\(n)\- the hypothetical culture of
Loglandia\loglo\
loglo           5ploglandia\(n)\- an element\instance of Loglandian
culture\po loglo\
lunra           1,L-prim\\'75\\lun
lunra           4,(1a)\is lunar/moon, pertaining to the natural satellite
of the earth, la Lun
lunra           5,lunar\(a)\- pertaining to the satellite of the
earth\lunra\
lunra           5emoon\(a)\- pertaining to the satellite of the
earth\lunra\
lunra           8c until NASA and sci. fic. 'moon' represented the Eaton
concept e.g. moon men
lunra           9,04812
lusta           1,L-prim\1.9\'75\\lus lut
lusta           4d(2a)\x is further west than y
lusta           4d(2pp)\x is west/westward of y
lusta           4d(1n)\x is west/in the west
lusta           5,western\(a)\- more west than...\lusta\
lusta           9,07903
lusta           5,west of...\(pp)\- toward the west\lusta\
lusta           5ewesterly\(a)\- pertaining to (from/to/in) the
west\lusta\
lusta           5ewest, ...in the\(pp)\- a place to the west of
here\lusta\
lusta           5ewest\(n)\- a place to the west of here\lusta\
lusta           9,06019a
lusta           5,westward\(av)\- in an westerly way\lusta\
lusta           9,06019b
lusta           6,norlusta\nordi\lusta\\
lusta           6,surlusta\surdi\lusta\\
nordi           1,L-prim\1.6\'75\\nod
nordi           4d(2a)\x is further north than y
nordi           4d(2pp)\x is north/northward of y
nordi           4d(1n)\x is north/in the north
nordi           5,northern\(a)\- more north than...\nordi\
nordi           9,06301
nordi           5,north of...\(pp)\- toward the north\nordi\
nordi           5enortherly\(a)\- pertaining to (from/to/in) the
north\nordi\
nordi           5enorth, ...in the\(pp)\- a place to the north of
here\nordi\
nordi           5enorth\(n)\- a place to the north of here\nordi\
nordi           9,04813
nordi           5,northward\(av)\- in an northerly way\nordi\
nordi           6,norlesta \nordi\lesta\\
nordi           6,norlusta \nordi\lusta\\
snola           1,L-prim\5.7\'75\\sno
snola           8!verify whether sno still affix for snola as per nb2
snola           4d(4v)\x entails/infers/logically implies y under
assumptions w by rules h.
snola           5,entail\(vt)\- imply...under...by logic...\snola\
snola           5,entailment\(n)\- a specific property\pu snola\
snola           5,entailment\(n)\- mass term\lo pu snola\
snola           5,imply\(vt)\- entail...under...by logic...\snola\
snola           5einfer\(vt)\- entail...under...by logic...\snola\
snola           9,16803
snola           5eassumptions\(n)\- the basis for an inference\fu snola\
snola           5eassumption\(n)\- a specific base for an inference\po fu
snola\
snola           5esupposition\(n)\- a specific base for an inference\po
fu snola\
snola           5erules\(n)\- a logical basis for reasoning\ju snola\
snola           5einference\(n)\- the product of logical reasoning\nu
snola\
snola           5eimplication\(n)\- the product of logical reasoning\nu
snola\
solra           1,L-prim\1.0\'75\\
solra           4,(1a)\x is solar/sun-, pertaining to earth's sun, la
Sol.
solra           5,solar\(a)\- pertaining to earth's sun\solra\
solra           5,sun...\(a)\- pertaining to earth's sun\solra\
solra           9,02303
surdi           1,L-prim\2.3\'75\\sur
surdi           8c MCT1 list has surla, which is a change. but doesn't
seem necessary, at least for affixes.
surdi           8c recommend keep old, for lesta/lusta nordi/surdi
parallelism, since these are created L-prims.
surdi           8c in general, I oppose prim changes without good reason,
since they make a lot of work for me.
surdi           8! check on surla/surdi since it is a prim
surdi           4d(2a)\x is further south than y
surdi           4d(2pp)\x is south/southward of y
surdi           4d(1n)\x is south/in the south
surdi           5,southern\(a)\- more south than...\surdi\
surdi           9,07425
surdi           5,south of...\(pp)\- toward the south\surdi\
surdi           5esoutherly\(a)\- pertaining to (from/to/in) the
south\surdi\
surdi           5esouth, ...in the\(pp)\- a place to the south of
here\surdi\
surdi           5esouth\(n)\- a place to the south of here\surdi\
surdi           9,07015a
surdi           5,southward\(av)\- in an southerly way\surdi\
surdi           9,07015c
surdi           6,surlesta \surdi\lesta\\
surdi           6,surlusta \surdi\lusta\\
terla           1,L-prim\3.1\'75\\
terla           4,(1a)\x is terrestrial/earthbound/earthly, pertaining to
the planet Earth, la Ter
terla           9,00816ap
terla           5,earthbound\(a)\- terrestrial, of the earth\terla\
terla           5,terrestrial\(a)\- pertaining to the planet earth\terla\
terla           5eearthly\(a)\- pertaining to the planet earth\terla\
terla           9,10122
terla           5eearth...\(a)\- pertaining to the earth\terla\
terla           6,terke\terla\ckemo\\
terla           6,tersensi\terla\sensi\\
terla           6,tersenma\terla\sensi\madzo\
telyloi         1n2-Cpx\\rjl,'86\\
telyloi         2nterla\lokti\\(earth-confined to locality
telyloi         4n(2n)\x is earthbound for reason y
telyloi         5nearthbound\(n)\- confined to the earth\telyloi\
telyloi         8c the more common meaning of earthbound vice terla


                               Appendix 3
                              Element Words

This Appendix documents the proposed changes in Element Words to be made
in the dictionary. Of the several forms listed, I prefer those listed in
section 3., and those in column 5 of section 4. I will also be updating
the names to the preferred listing in Section 4, and replacing the short
form name currently in the dictionary by the Acronym word. Thus, at this
point, I will not have reduced the total number of dictionary element
words. Which are leat useful/desireable in the dictionary can be
determined later, or lists can be added in dictionary appendices.

1. Element names shall most commonly be referred to as names. The name
form (la ...) shall use the best aurally-similar morphology while:
     a. ending with a consonant;
     b. preserving visual similarity, especially for the initial letters
               and for those letters that are used in the symbol
               derivation;
     c. for element words whose symbol is derived from another word than
               the International name, use the symbol-derivation word as
               the basis for the name.

2. Acronymic names will be used in discussions involving chemistry, where
chemical names are used frequently. Acronyms will generally be used in
naming compouns in such text.

3. Certain very common elements whose properties commonly are referenced
in non-scientific communication shall have an L-prim or an LB-prim (an L-
prim which follows pseudo-complex borrowing rules rather than one which
attempts to mimic either C-Prims or the International Name based S-Prim)
derived from the chemical symbol/International name. These L/LB-prims
will represent the property which is typically referenced when the
element name is normally used. In some cases, affixes may be assigned to
these words to aid compounding, since the indicated properties can often
be metaphorically used. A chemical compound can have such an L/LB-prim
assigned, if it has significant use in non-scientific contexts. Thus rust
(iron oxide, mixed Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) can be talked about simply as iron
oxide as an LB-prim, instead of using an acronym word which is clumsy to
predicate. Proposed L/LB-prims are as follows. Approved affixes are
highlighted; proposed possibilities are not; an italicized affix is
permitted only in pseudo-complexes, since it has a different decipherable
meaning in a complex, or at least is not clearly useful enough to assign
it uniquely to decipherable affix space. I don't necessarily feel that
all of these elements deserve assigned affixes, but if they are actually
used in complexes, then these are possible values.

calci     cal  calcium-like (lime-like)
carbo     car  carbon-like (black, charcoal-like)
     radcarkemi = aromatic, benzene ring
clori     clo  chlorine-like (gaseous, irritating odor)
     hidclokemi = hydrochloric acid
cromi     cro  chromium-like (metallic, bright and shiny)
cupri     cup  copper-like (metallic, copper-colored)
fernu     fen  iron-like (metallic, metaphorically strong and solid
though gasti serves
      feu       this adequately)
     fenlokemi = iron oxide, rust
galru     gal  gold-like (metallic, gilded, valuable)
helmi     hel  helium-like (gaseous, inert)
hidro     hid  hydrogen-like (light, gaseous)
kotsa     kot  potassium-like (ashes as in potash)
loksi     lok  oxygen-like, oxide (gaseous, richly breathable - primarily
               useful for lok/loki affix form in pseudo-complexes)
     carlokemi = carbonate/carbonated
     clolokemi = chlorated (as a swimming pool or bleach)
     hidrlokemi = hydrated, used chemically, as opposed to the cutri-
               based complexes which represent aqueous/watery. By adding
               the pre-empted affix 'zer', based on ze:
     zerhidlokemi = in solution
     nirhidlokemi = dehydrated
     posrlokemi = phosphate
     hidposlokemi = phosphoric acid
     sarlokemi = acetate (sour-oxide)
     hidsarlokemi = acetic acid
     sulrlokemi = sulphate
     hidsulrlokemi (or hidsulokemi?) = sulfuric acid
higra     hig  mercury-like (metallic, liquid)
natri     nat  sodium-like (lye, slimy, corrosive)
nenlo     neo  neon-like (bright, luminescent)
posfo     pos  phosphorous-like (phosphorescent, glowing)
pubmu     pub  lead-like (heavy, solid)
radmi     rad  radium-like (radioactive)
sarge     sag  silver-like (metallic, silvery, delicate)
sulfa     sul  sulfur-like (odorously foul)

4. All elements shall have an S-prim which refers to the
element/chemical. As per my borrowing proposal, these will be pseudo-
complexes consisting of an affix-like prefix, followed by the affix-like
suffix -kemi which is clearly related to the affix for kemdi (chemical).
The prefix shall be based on the chemical symbol, and will end in a
consonant to ensure a consonant pair. If the consonant combines with 'k'
to form a permissible initial, causing *slinkui problems, insert an 'r'
as a pseudo-hyphen.

     Column 1 is the current Loglan dictionary primitive for the element.
Column 2 is the dictionary Name form for the element. If there is more
than one possible name form, the one I think is better is listed first.
Column 3 is the Acronym word, with symbol in parens. Column 4 is the
primitive jcb, rb, and I came up with prior to jcb's departure to Europe
- only part of the list was done. jcb expressed the goal of preserving
the symbol near the front of the word foremost, retaining aural
similarity to the International (English) name secondary, and visual
similarity tertiary. When I returned to DC, I redid the list in an
attempt to attempt to standardize names, while keeping consistent with
jcb's philosophy. In this case a second possibility is shown in column 4.
In typing this up after rereading my UL1 comments on borrowings, I came
up with a new idea on how to do element prims. The results are shown in
column 5.

Old Word  Name-Form      Acronym-Form   jcb-form       Pseudo-Complex
(S-Prim)                                (SB-Prim)      (LB-Prim)

barmi     la Barium      Baica(Ba)      barni          barkemi
                                        barnumi

(The availability of y in names makes la Bariym possible, but the aural
gain is less important than the visual recognition.)

berki     la Berkelium   Baikei(Bk)     berkeli        bekrkemi
                                        bekerkeli
berli     la Berilium    Baice(Be)      berlili        berkemi
                                        berlilumi
bismu     la Bismut      Baici(Bi)      bismu          bisrkemi
          la Bismuq                     bimsumi
bormi     la Bromin      Bairei(Br)     bromini        brokemi
borno     la Boron       Bai(B)         borno          borkemi
                                        bornomi
cadmi     la Cadmium     Caidei(Cd)     cadmi          cadkemi
                                        cadmumi

(C initial preserves the visual similarity to the symbol in element
names, and is therefore preserved over K initial which keeps aural
similarity but hides the symbol).

calfo     la Californium Caifei(Cf)     calfornumi     calfokemi
calsi     la Calcium     Caica(Ca)      calci          calkemi
carbo     la Carbon      Cai(C)         carbo          carkemi
cermi     la Cerium      Caice(Ce)      cermi          cerkemi
                                        cermumi
cesmi     la Cesium      Caisei(Cs)     cesmi          cesrkemi
                                        cesmiumi
cobla     la Cobalt      Caico(Co)      cobaltumi      cobrkemi
colri     la Clorin      Cailei(Cl)     clori          clorkemi
cormi     la Cromium     Cairei(Cr)     cromi          crokemi
                                        cromhumi
cumri     la Curium      Caimei(Cm)     cmuri          cumrkemi
                                        cmurumi
cupri     la Cuprium     Caicu(Cu)      cupri          cuprkemi
          (copper)
dispo     la Dysprosium  Daicy(Dy)      dirsposumi     disrpokemi
          la Disprosium

(y = schwa is now permitted in names and acronyms (only), so the Di-
form, which preserves aural similarity but forces remake of the symbol,
as per NB2, is less preferred.)

farni     la Francium    Fairei(Fr)     francumi       frakemi
ferno     la Ferum       Faice(Fe)      fernu          ferkemi
          (iron)
fulro     la Fluorin     Failei(Fl)     fluorini       florkemi
          la Florin

(I have to pronounce la Fluorin with a di-syllabic vowel, but the visual-
similarity makes it preferred and a Loglandian tendency to try to
penultimately stress unknown words would make the di-syllable aurally
recognizeable, even though most people pronounce the International Name
like la Florin.)

gadlo     la Gadolinium  Gaidei(Gd)     gadlinumi      gadkemi
galmi     la Galium      Gaica(Ga)      galmi          galkemi
                                        galmumi
galru     la Aurum       Acu(Au)        aurmi          aurmukemi
          (gold)                        aurmui
germa     la Germanium   Gaice(Ge)      germanumi      gerkemi

(As with hard c initial, the soft g initial must be changed to improve
visual similarity. la Djyrmeiniym would be required to make it aurally
similar.)

kirpo     la Krypton     Kairei(Kr)     kriptoni       krikemi
          la Kripton

(The name choice is hard. The former name preserves visual recognition.
But the word comes from the root krypto-. The latter must be remade in
Loglan borrowings because y is not permitted, and the logical remake is
kripto. Still, the roots are being lost in many element names - or
Germanium would use the N-prim root for Germany and be la Dotcium.)

kotsa     la Kalium      Kai(K)         kalmi          kalkemi
          (potassium)
lacti     la Actinium    Acei(Ac)       actnumi        actkemi
lafni     la Hafnium     Haifei(Hf)     hafnumi        hafkemi
lalmi     la Aluminium   Alei(Al)       almuni         almukemi
lamri     la Americium   Amei(Am)       amceriumi      amcrkemi
lanta     la Lantanum    Laica(La)      lantanumi      lankemi
          la Lanqanum                   lantanhumi

(In names where visual recognition is important, the availability of q
for /th/  in names seems superfluous. Many languages just use 't' for
'th' in such cases. This says nothing about the usefulness of q in
Linnean binomials (the reason jcb added it), since the latter are usually
not visually recognized, but rather associated with the Greek roots and
are aurally recognized.)

largo     la Argon       Arei(Ar)       argoni         arkemi
larse     la Arsenik     Asei(As)       arsenumi       asrkemi
          la Arsenic

(Several languages use the k ending to preserve the hard k sound.)

lasta     la Astatin     Atei(At)       atstatini      atsrkemi

(Difficult to come up with a jcb-form borrowing. 'ts' is a permissible
initial.)

lelmi     la Helium      Haice(He)      helmiumi       helkemi
lerbi     la Erbium      Erei(Er)       erbiumi        erkemi
lerpu     la Europium    Ecu(Eu)        eurorpini      eurkemi
lidro     la Hidrojen    Hai(H)         hidro          hidkemi
          la Hydrogen
          la Hidrodjen

(It is possible to preserve the visual recognition using y, but the
remade prim has had an affix assigned, and the first listed name form is
fairly recognizeable if one presumes i/y and g/j will be common letter
changes in Loglan names. I prefer 'j' to 'dj' in name conversion where
visual recognition has any significance.)

lindo     la Indium      Inei(In)       indiumi        indrkemi
lirdi     la Iridium     Irei(Ir)       irdiumi        irdnkemi

(irdrkumi, with two 'r's close together is hard to say. Probably harder
still for Japanese. This is why its nice to have 'n' and 'l' available as
pseudo-hyphens in borrowings.)

litmi     la Litium      Laici(Li)      lithiumi       litkemi
          la Liqium
          la Litmium
loksi     la Oksijen     Oma(O)         oksigumi       oksrkemi
          la Oxygen                     oksijumi       lokrkemi
          la Oksidjen

(The visually similar la Oxygen is almost unpronouncable, and any
primitive forms will have to use the 'ksi' combination, anyway. The
pseudocomplex is given two possible ways. The first preserves the symbol,
and is best. The second correlates to the lok affix listed above for the
oxygen-like L-prim.)

lolmi     la Holmium     Haico(Ho)      holmiumi       holkemi
losmi     la Osmium      Osei(Os)       osrmumi        osmkemi
                                        osmsumi

(Another tough one for deriving a jcb-type borrowing. There is nothing
but the 'sm' consonant pair to work with. Note that this is a rare case
where 'm' can be used in a pseudo-hyphen in a borrowing.)

lutme     la Lutetium    Laicu(Lu)      lumtetumi      lutkemi
magne     la Magnesium   Maigei(Mg)     magnesumi      magrkemi
manga     la Manganes    Mainei(Mn)     manganumi      mankemi
megru     la Hygrajirium Haigei(Hg)     higdrargumi    higrkemi
          (hydrargyrum = mercury)       higdrarjumi

(Taking a little liberty with the International root, since it is seldom
used in a recognizable form. The result clearly uses the symbol, and is
relatively pronunciable.)

molbi     la Molybdenium Maico(Mo)      molbidumi      molkemi
natri     la Natrium     Naica(Na)      nadri          natrkemi
          (sodium)

(jcb remade natri to nadri to unpack. Since no affix results, and the
pseudo-complex works, this remake need not occur. Leave natri for the
rare L-prim for sodium-like.)

nedmi     la Neodymium   Naidei(Nd)     nedmoumi       nedkemi
                                        nedmeodumi
nenlo     la Neon        Naice(Ne)      nenloni        nenkemi
neptu     la Neptunium   Naipei(Np)     neptunumi      nepkemi
nikle     la Nickel      Naici(Ni)      nikceli        nicklkemi
          la Nikel                                     niklkemi
nitro     la Nitrojen    Nai(N)         nitro          nitrkemi
nobmi     la Niobium     Naibei(Nb)     nibmoumi       nibkemi
pacti     la Protactinium Paica(Pa)     protactinumi   pratackemi
padla     la Paladium    Paidei(Pd)     padlalumi      padkemi
                                        padlaladumi
parse     la Praseodymium Pairei(Pr)    praseodumi     praseodkemi
patni     la Platinium   Pailei(Pl)     platinumi      patkemi
                                        patlinumi
polno     la Polonium    Paico(Po)      polnonumi      polkemi
pomte     la Prometium   Paimei(Pm)     prometeumi     pomrkemi
posfo     la Posforus    Pai(P)         posforumi      posrkemi
pubmu     la Plumbium    Paibei(Pb)     pubmumi        pubkemi
          (lead)
pulto     la Plutonium   Paicu(Pu)      pultonumi      pulkemi
radmi     la Radium      Raica(Ra)      radmi          radkemi
radno     la Radon       Rainei(Rn)     radnomi        rankemi
renmi     la Rehenium    Raice(Re)      renhiumi       renkemi
          la Renium

(The 'h' in the name is silent, but significant for visual recognition.)

ribte     la Ybterbium   Ybei(Yb)       ibtertumi      ibtrkemi
ridno     la Iodin       Ima(I)         iodnini        iodkemi
ritri     la Ytrium      Yma(Y)         itmetrumi      itrkemi
rodmi     la Ryhodium    Raihei(Rh)     rodhiumi       rohodkemi

(Uses a schwa as a pseudo-buffer in a name. The typical Loglanist will
filter it out, and it allows the early 'h' with no supporting consonant.)

rubdi     la Rubidium    Raibei(Rb)     rubdimumi      rubkemi
rurna     la Uranium     Uma(U)         urniumi        urkemi
rutne     la Rutenium    Raicu(Ru)      rutheumi       rutkemi
sacni     la Sycandium   Saicei(Sc)     sacnadiumi     sacnkemi
sagla     la Argentium   Agei(Ag)       argentumi      agrkemi
          (silver)
samra     la Samarium    Saimei(Sm)     smaraumi       samkemi
selni     la Selenium    Saice(Se)      selneumi       selkemi
sibmo     la Stibium     Saibei(Sb)     sibtiumi       sibtrkemi
          (antimony)                                   sibkemi
silko     la Silikon     Saici(Si)      silconi        silkemi
sinta     la Stanium     Sainei(Sn)     santhumi       stankemi
          (tin)                         santanhumi
sorni     la Srontium    Sairei(Sr)     surtontumi     sorkemi
          la Strontium                  surtrontumi
          la Syrontium

('str' is a difficult triple, and the 't' interferes with the symbol. Y
can be used as a pseudo-buffer; it improves the sound but cuts visual
recognition.)

sulfa     la Sulfur      Sai(S)         sulfuri        sulkemi
talmi     la Talium      Tailei(Tl)     talhumi        talkemi
tanta     la Tantalium   Taica(Ta)      tantalumi      tankemi
tecne     la Tecnetium   Taicei(Tc)     techenetumi    tecnkemi
                                        tecnetumi

(ch is listed as a legitimate permissible medial, but I'm not sure I
believe it. Any opinions?)

telru     la Telurium    Taice(Te)      telrulumi      telkemi
terbi     la Terbium     Taibei(Tb)     tibterbumi     tibkemi

(Remembering that Ytterbium, Yttrium, and Terbium are all name after the
same place, any International Name, or S-prim, should make them somewhat
similar.)

titna     la Titanium    Taici(Ti)      titnanumi      titkemi
tormi     la Tyhorium    Taihei(Th)     torhiumi       torkemi
          la Torium
          la Qorium

(The preferred choice uses the schwa pseudo-buffer, which interferes
visually, but sounds good and preserves the symbol. The other two options
lose the h in the symbol.)

tulmi     la Tulmium     Taimei(Tm)     tumluhi        tumkemi
          la Tyhulium                   tumhulumi
          la Tulium
          la Qulium

(The first name brings the 'm' in the symbol towards the front with as
little as possible visual or aural change. The second is the closest
possible to the International spelling. The third and fourth do not
support either the symbol or visual recognition, but are aurally
correct.)

tunse     la Wlfram      Wma(W)         uulframi       uulkemi
          (wolfram = tungsten)          volfraumi      volkemi

(Visually recognizable, though the missing 'o' looks funny since we do
not think of 'w' as a vowel. But try pronouncing it; it sounds
surprisingly similar to Wolfram. For prims, I like the Vol for its visual
and aural similarities to Wol. But uu is closer aurally, and the uu
reminds us of the vowel 'w'.)

vanda     la Vanadium    Vai(V)         vandaumi       vankemi
zenlo     la Xenon       Xaice(Xe)      zenloni        zenkemi

(Not easy to pronounce, but no other way preserves the symbol, and it
uses the new 'x'.)

zinko     la Zink        Zainei(Zn)     zinkumi        zinkemi
zirko     la Zirconium   Zairei(Zr)     zirconumi      zirkemi
-         la Einsteinium Esei(Es)       ensteinumi     esnteinkemi

(Watch the pronunciation.)

-         la Fermium     Faimei(Fm)     fermumi        fermikemi
-         la Mendelevium Maidei(Md)     mendelevumi    mednekemi
-         la Nobelium    Naico(No)      nobmelumi      nobkemi
-         la Larencium   Lairei(Lr)     larncumi       larkemi




      Lessons Learned about Pseudo-Complex Type Borrowings from the
                      S-Prim Element-Word Remaking

     The element words currently take a disproportionate amount of
dictionary space, given their usage frequency, and not much time should
be spent on them. It is hoped that the new dictionary has enough non-
scientific words to remedy the unnatural scientific (vice literary) bent
of the language, without having to delete such words. But they do
illustrate the usefulness of my pseudo-complex method of borrowing, and
incidently reveal some priciples that can be used generically in making
borrowings.
     Now that 'l' is never a hyphen, and 'r' and 'n' only occur following
CVV/Cvv affixes in complexes, the use of the vocalic pseudo-hyphen
following a consonant in a borrowing can be a general solution to
*slinkui problems, which are due to the initial consonant pair being a
permissible initial - hence srlinkui is a valid borrowing, and not too
difficult to pronounce).
     Similarly, the appendage of a vowel to a CVC affix (as in -kemi) can
be used to make pseudo-complexes that preserve the Loglan affix-root,
while never being confused with true complexes. CCV affixes can also be
used in this way, but do not automatically prevent confusion with
complexes (-CCVV/CCvv can break into -C'CVV/-C'Cvv, and the prefix might
combine with the dangling -C so as to form a CVC-affix. There are many
ways around this, but the check must be made, whereas CVCV can never be
at the end of a true complex. CVV and Cvv affixes can be used in pseudo-
complexes in this way without possibility of creating a true complex, but
the appended vowel causes a very vowel-rich CVVV or CvvV, which is a rare
ending form in the natural languages.
