The 12 most spoken languages - 1999 Loglan/Lojban Project baseline values

Following is data derived from the 1999 Encyclopedia Brittanica Book of
the Year regarding language populations for the top 12 languages, which
are the baseline set for the Loglan/Lojban project (only the top 6 are
used for Lojban gismu making).  For comparison, summary numbers from
1995 are also shown, along with amount of change, as well as the numbers
used in the original 1987 Lojban word-making.  I think that these
numbers serve as a fairly authoritative estimate of the number of
speakers of the 12 languages, and unlike other published estimates, my
methodology in generating the numbers is open to inspection, along with
the source data I used for individual countries.

The number of 2nd language speakers is determined by taking actual
counts of such 2nd language (or creole) speakers generated by official
sources and reported in the Brittanica.  An increment is added to
reflect 2nd language literacy in the official language of a country,
presuming that all official languages of the country are taught in the
schools, based on official-source literacy figures.  Finally, for
officially Arabic/Moslem countries, the status of Arabic as a religious
language is used to generate an additional increment.  This is most
significant for Iran where the religion is heavily state supported even
though the official language is not Arabic, and there are few native
speakers of that language.

Having determined these numbers, the Lojban gismu-making weights are
determined by summing the number of native speakers and 1/2 the total
from all 3 methods of estimating 2nd language speakers (since these 3
methods include an elimination of overlap in the calculation).  The
total of 1st and all 2nd language speakers is not used in the Lojban
algorithm.

The 1999 numbers are summarized as follows (in millions).  Note that
Arabic has now passed Russian and moved into 5th place among the
languages used.  This, in addition to Hindi passing English several
years ago, suggest that the gismu list would look somewhat different if
remade from scratch today, since when languages are close together in
population, a change in order will significantly affect tie-breaking
results in scoring of words.

Gicen that the Lojban gismu list is baselined, these numbers are
primarily for academic interest.  However, they can be used in making
fu'ivla (borrowings) where it is not clear that a particular language
root is appropriate.  Using an algorithm like the gismu algortihm
(though not necessarily with the same constraints on word form, would
give an "international" or "Lojbanic" root to use as the basis of a
fu'ivla.


             native          2nd/creole+literacy+religion   Total speakers
             native+1/2*2nd
             normalized weight for 6 languages based on 1.0 total.
             (change from 1995)  (change from 1987)

Chinese      826.642         347.702+21.013                 1195.367
            1010.999                                    
             .342   (-.005) (-.018)

Hindi        437.404         75.29+250.56                    763.254
             600.329
             .203   (+.005) (+.047)

English      343.463         209.915+70.234                  623.612
             483.538                            
             .163   (+.003) (-.045)

Spanish      335.633         15.498+14.001                   365.132
             350/383                                    
             .118   (-.005) (+.002)

Arabic       226.609         0+25.136+52.395                 304.140
             265.645                                    
             .090   (+.005) (+.017)

Russian      206.961         0+85.594                        292.555
             249.758      
             .084   (-.005) (-.003)


Bengali      195.7           0+1.086                         196.786
             196.243
Portuguese   167.631         7.667+11.418                    186.716
             177.174
Japanese     126.088         0+1.69                          127.778
             126.088 
Malay-Indon. 39.337          0+155.222                       194.559
             116.948
French       74.911          42.849+28.269                   146.029
             110.470                                    
German       92.487          1.903+9.786                     104.176
             98.331                             

The 1995 numbers are summarized as follows (in millions):

             native          2nd/creole+literacy+religion   Total speakers
             native+1/2*2nd
             normalized weight for 6 languages based on 1.0 total.

Chinese      801.552         314.039+25.225                 1140.816
             971.184                                    
             .347  

Hindi        413.231         66.39+206.000                   685.621
             549.426
             .196  

English      334.786         187.907+59.895                  582.588
             448.343                            
             .160  

Spanish      330.999         12.644+11.531                   355.174
             343.086                                    
             .123  

Russian      210.948         0+77.965                        288.913
             249.930
             .089  

Arabic       205.272         0+19.705+46.991                 271.968
             238.620                                    
             .085  


Bengali      183.860         0+.927                          184.787
             184.323
Portuguese   166.662         6.294+10.028                    182.984
             174.823
Japanese     125.086         0                               125.086
             125.086 
French       74.529          41.198+29.477                   145.204
             109.866                                    
Malay-Indon. 37.752          137.526                         175.278
             106.515
German       94.768          1.714+8.511                     104.993
             99.880                             

For comprison, here is the total speakers from the 1987 World Almanac,
the comparable figures from the 1997 World Almanac, and the numbers used
in the 1987 original Lojban gismu-remaking effort, which were based on
the 1985 Brittanica BotY.  Note that Hindi passed up English in about
1989 due to rapidly increasing numbers of native speakers along with a
major increase in literacy which is continuing.  A significant part of
the drop in native English, French, German, and Indonesian speakers is
due to the switching of creole speakers and some estimates of non-native
official language speakers (especially in Africa) from native to 2nd
language totals.

             1987 1997          1987 gismu-remaking                  1998
             World Almanac      native  2nd     n+1/2s  norm. weight    weight
Chinese      788  853/999       752.1   319.1   911.7   .360            .342
English      420  330/487       366.5   322.4   527.7   .208            .163
Hindi        382  348/457       294     200.3   394.2   .156            .203
Spanish      296  346/401       264.7   58.2    293.8   .116            .118
Russian      285  168/280       164.3   109.7   219.12  .087            .084
Arabic       177  195/230       155.9   57.7    184.8   .073            .090

Bengali      171  197/204       87      80.8    127.4
Portuguese   164  173/188       110.4   45.5    133.2
Malay/Indon. 128   54/164       121.1   39.5    140.9
Japanese     122  125/126       120.1   0.6     120.4
German       118   98/124       105.4   18.3    114.6
French       114   74/126       81.1    75.5    118.9


Following are the 6 columns of 1999 raw data, by language, by country.

In the raw data, Column 1 is native speakers of the language from the
Britannica BotY.  Column 2 is non-native speakers, speakers of the
language as a lingua franca, and speakers of creoles and other
significantly non-standard dialects (e.g.  Catalan and Galician for
Spanish, Luxembourgish for German, and non-Mandarin Chinese.)  These
numbers also come straight from the BotY.  Ukrainian and Belarussian are
considered native Russian speakers, since the differences are more
political than linguistic (though in the longer term, Ukrainian speakers
probably should be switched into the 2nd language column).  Urdu is
considered a native dialect of Hindi.

What is rarely carried in the BotY are speakers of the official language
of a country as a second language.  For example, how many
non-native-English speakers in the UK speak English as a second
language.  The answer is something less than 100%; so I used the
percentage literacy multiplied by the number of non-native-or-creole
speakers of an official language.  For European countries, literacy is
close to 100%, but for 3rd world countries, the number is far less.  For
countries with 2 official languages, I further reduced the result of the
above calculation by the ratio of the speakers of the official language
divided by the total speakers of all official languages.  The result of
this calculation is considered as an increment to any number of 2nd
language speakers given in column 2. That increment is shown in column
3, and the data used in the calculation is shown in column 4.

(In previous iterations of these statistics, I have used variations on
this method to estimate 2nd language speakers.  Creole speakers were
originally treated as native speakers, though I have since learned that
the creoles are sufficiently different from the standard language that a
native speaker level of knowledge of the standard language is
improbable.)

The former Soviet states are a special case, in that Russian (or a
dialect) is an official language in only 3 of the current countries, but
the educational system up to a couple of years ago was built around
Russian as the official language.  Because of this, I calculated 2nd
language Russian speakers, as if it *were* the official language, but
then subtracted the number of native Russian speakers in the country
from this total to determine the column 3 number.  In future years, this
number may need to be slowly prorated downward as a new education system
supplants the Russian one, but this should not have significant effect
for at least a decade, as the older 2nd language Russian speakers will
probably retain their educated knowledge of the language for as long as
Russia is the dominant economic power of the region.

Columns 5 and 6 exist for Arabic only, and are an increment based on
countries in which Arabic is the official language or the Muslim
religion is militantly supported by the government (Iran being the major
example).  In this case, I determined if there was an excess of
followers of the Muslim religion above the total number of 1st and 2nd
language speakers of Arabic determined in columns 1-4.  This excess was
then multiplied by the literacy rate to get a guesstimate of non-Arabic
native speakers who might still have considerable knowledge of the
Arabic language through religious training.  I did not calculate a
religion-based number for countries that are Muslim, but which are
unlikely to have government-sponsored teaching of the language (e.g.
Indonesia).  

Chinese (Mandarin)         Cantonese/undiff.    other      
Australia       .097            .212                       
Brunei          .051                                      
Cambodia        .320                                    
Canada          .319                                    
China        807.000         321.970           20.656    (1227.740-807.0) * .815 - 321.97
Costa Rica      .007                                    
Fr. Polynesia   .013                                    
Guam            .002                                    
HongKong        .072           6.220             ---     (6.491-0.072) * 6.292/(6.292+2.050)* .922 - 6.220 
Japan           .220                                    
N.Korea         .040                                    
S.Korea         .050                                    
Macau           .005            .400                    
Malaysia       1.900                                    
Mauritius       .004
Nauru           .0009
N. Marianas I.  .0038
Palau           .0003
Panama          .008                                    
Phillipines     .060
Reunion         .020
Singapore      2.399                             .357    (3.104-2.399) * 2.399/(2.399+1.826) * .891
Taiwan         4.340          18.800              ---    (21.616-4.340) * .940 - 18.8  
Thailand       7.350                                    
USA            1.510                                        
Vietnam        1.050                                   
             826.642         347.702           21.013        
            1010.999         184.357                    

Hindi/Urdu                    (Nepali Pahari/Bhojpuri/Malthili in Nepal/Bhutan)         
Bhutan                          .300
Fiji            .339                                    
India        425.320          59.840          202.995     (967.613-425.32) * 425.32/456.32 *.520 - 59.84
Jamaica         .050                                    
Mauritius       .021                                    
Nepal           .860          15.150                                    
Pakistan      10.350                           47.565     (136.183-10.35) * .378
Surinam         .030
Trinidad        .044
USA             .390                                    
             437.404          75.290          250.560   
             600.329          162.925
                                                        
English                                                
Amer. Samoa     .002            .061                    
Andorra         .001                                    
Antigua         .061            .004            
Aruba           .008                                    
Australia     15.027           2.873             .591    (18.508-15.027) * .995 - 2.873
Bahamas         .260                             .027    (.287-.260) * .982
Bangladesh                     3.300              ---    125.340 * 3.3/(3.3+122.49) * .381 - 3.3
Barbados                        .252 creole             
Belize          .115            .065 creole      .014    (.228-.115) * .703 -.065
Bermuda         .062  
Botswana                        .600             .448    (1.501 * .698) - .600
Brunei          .118                                    
Cameroon                       2.930            6.376    (14.678 * .634) - 2.930
Canada        19.173                            7.776    (30.287-19.173) * 19.173/(19.173+7.3) * .966
Colombia                        .050 creole              
Costa Rica                      .069 creole             
Denmark         .024                                    
Dominica                        .074              ---    .0744 * .944 -.074
Fiji                            .160             .553    .778 * .916 - .160
France          .080                                    
Gambia                                           .482    1.248 * .386
Ghana                                          11.675    18.101 * .645
Gibraltar       .024                             .003    (.0271-.024) * .99
Grenada         .098                                    
Guam            .058            .096             .001    (.156-.058) * .99 - .096
Guernsey        .062                                    
Guyana          .746                             .027    (.773-.746)  * .981 
Honduras                        .012 creole          
Hong Kong       .143           1.907             
India           .330          30.670             .153    (967.613-.330) * 31/(31+485.16) * .520 -30.67 
Ireland        3.580                             .048    (3.644-3.580) * 3.580/(3.580+1.190)  * 1.000
Isle of Man     .072                                    
Jamaica        2.380                             .133    (2.536-2.38) * .850
Japan           .070                                     
Jersey          .086                            
Kenya                          2.200            
Kiribati                                         .074    .0884 * .900
Lesotho                         .400            1.032    2.008 * .713 - .4
Liberia                        2.820 creole     
Luxembourg      .005
Macau           .002                            
Malawi                          .480            4.940    9.609 * .564 - .48
Malaysia        .330           6.070          
Malta           .008                             .008    (.375-.008) * .008/.367 * .96
Marshall Isl                    .0603            
Mauritius       .002                            
Micronesia      .0005                           
Monaco          .002                            
Namibia         .013            .131           
Nauru           .0008           .0095                
Nether Antill   .017                            
New Zealand    3.477                             .166    (3.653-3.477) * 3.477/3.687 * 1.0
Nicaragua                       .040 creole     
Nigeria                       16.0+36.0 creole  7.076    103.464 *.571 - 52.0       
N Mariana Isl   .0026           .0459            .003    (.0536-.0026) * .963 - .0459
Norway          .024                            
Pakistan                      16.000          
Palau           .0005           .0166
Panama                          .381 creole     
Papua New Guin                  .07+2.910 creole .266    4.496 * .722 - 2.980
Phillipines                   37.200            6.094    71.539 * .946 * 37.2/(37.2+20.95) - 37.2  
Puerto Rico    1.805                            
St Kitts Nevis  .039                            
St Lucia        .145                           
St. Vincent     .111                             .001    (.112-.111) * .960
Samoa           .089                          
Seychelles      .002            .028           
Sierra Leone                   4.400              ---    4.424 * .314 - 4.4
Singapore                      1.161              ---    3.104 * 1.161/(1.161+3.064) * .891 - 1.161
Solomon Isl     .008                             .218    (.411-.008)  * .541
South Africa   3.940                            3.543    (42.446-3.94) * 3.94/(6.49+.64+1.1+7.43+9.51+4.16+2.93+3.06+1.78+.72) * .818
Sri Lanka      1.860                                                              
Swaziland                                        .792    1.032 * .767       
Sweden          .032                                                              
Tanzania                        .900                                              
Tonga                                            .003    (.101-.98) * .928        
Trinidad                       1.229 creole      .020    1.265 * .979 -1.229
Tunisia         .290                                                              
Tuvalu                                           .010    .0103 * .950             
Uganda                         2.100                                              
Unit Kingdom  57.320                            1.599    (58.919-57.32) * 1.0
USA          230.830          29.170            5.976    (267.939-230.83) * .955 - 29.17
Vanuatu         .060            .120            
Virgin Isl      .079                             .016    (.0972-.079) * .897
Zambia          .100           1.800            5.434    (9.35 - .1) * .782 - 1.8
Zimbabwe        .250           5.050            4.458    (11.423 -2.5) * .851 - 5.05
             343.363         209.915           70.234        
             483.538         140.075            

                             2nd includes
Spanish                      Catalan/Galician           
Andorra         .030                                    
Argentina     34.290                            1.055    (34.587-33.49) * .962
Aruba           .006                                    
Australia       .097                                    
Belgium         .050                                    
Belize          .072            .058                    
Bolivia        6.810                             .460    (7.414-6.500) * 6.500/(6.5+1.71+2.52) * .831
Canada          .100                                    
Chile         13.080                            1.399    (14.21-12.74) * .952
Colombia      35.850                                    
Costa Rica     3.382                             .079    (3.344-3.261) * .948
Cuba          11.190                                       
Dominican Rep  7.650                             .126    (7.823-7.67) * .821
Ecuador       11.110                             .721    (11.460-10.66) * .901
El Salvador    5.162                                    
Equat. Guinea                                    .311    .396 * .785
France          .220            .210                   
Guatemala      7.270                            2.086    (10.621-6.870) * .556
Honduras       5.413                             .072    (5.512-5.413) * .727
Israel          .046                                    
Italy                           .030
Luxembourg      .003                                    
Mexico        83.950           5.850             .870    (91.450-83.95) * .896 - 5.85
Nicaragua      4.112                             .150    (4.340-4.112) * .657
Panama         2.036                             .722    (2.831-2.036) * .908
Paraguay       2.734                             .739    (4.828-2.734) * 2.734/(2.734+4.402) * .921
Peru          18.740                            3.491    (23.489-18.74) * 18.74/(18.74+3.87) * .887
Puerto Rico    3.658                             .060    (3.725-3.658) * .897
Spain         31.530           6.690            1.309    (39.880-31.53) * .958 - 6.69
Sweden          .055                                    
USA           19.790                                        
Uraguay        3.080                             .103    (3.186-3.08) * .973
Venezuela     21.160                             .623    (21.844-21.160) * .911
Virgin Islands  .013                                    
             329.815          12.832           14.376        
             343.419          13.604                    

Russian/Ukrainian/Belarusian                            
Australia       .027                                    
Azerbaijan      .570                            6.752    7.525 *.973 - .57 
Belarus       10.210                             .119    (10.332-10.21) * .979
Canada          .271                                    
Czech           .013                                    
Estonia         .520                             .963    1.487 *.997 - .52
Georgia         .490                            4.969    5.514 *.990 - .490
Israel          .093                                    
Kazakhstan     8.220                            8.032    16.669 *.975 - 8.22 
Kyrgyzstan     1.150                            3.199    4.483 *.970 - 1.15
Latvia         1.060                            1.442    2.515 *.995 - 1.060
Lithuania       .430                            3.211    3.700 *.984 - .430
Moldova        1.380                            2.810    4.346 *.964 - 1.380
Poland          .420                                    
Romania         .094                                    
Russia       129.740                           17.099    (147.188-129.74) * .98
Slovakia        .033                                    
Tajikistan      .570                            5.128    5.832 *.977 - .570
Turkmenistan    .490                            3.497    4.081 *.977 - .490
Ukraine       50.870                            1.115    (52.003-50.87) * .984
USA             .390                                    
Uzbekistan     2.580                           19.665    22.886*.972 - 2.58
             209.621                           78.000   
             248.621          39.000
                                                        
Arabic                                                  
Algeria       23.190                            2.921    (27.939-23.19) * .615                    1.106   27.910 religion-26.111 * .615 
Australia       .180                                                                            
Bahrain         .420                             .084    (.519-.42) * .852                         .0     .470 religion-.504 * .852
Belgium         .160                                                                            
Cameroon        .130                                                                            
Canada          .047                                                                            
Chad           1.660                            1.507    (6.361-1.66) * 1.66/(1.66+.83) * .481     .127   3.43 religion-3.167 * .481
Comoros         .009                             .005    (.545-.009) * .009/.550 *.573             .302   .541 religion-.014 * .573
Djibouti        .040                             .112    (.586-.040) * .040/.090 *.462             .185   .551 religion-.152 * .462
Egypt         58.980                             .368    (59.695-58.98) * .514                     .0     53.730 religion
Eritrea         .010                             .004    (3.531-.01) * .01/(.01+1.73) * .200       .351   1.770 religion -.014 * .200
France         1.470                                                                             
Gaza            .785                                                                            
Gibraltar       .002                                                                            
Iran           1.320                                                                             42.878   60.79 religion-1.32 * .721 
Iraq          15.740                            2.710    (20.413-15.740) * .580                    .783   19.80 religion-18.45 * .580 
Israel          .990                             .880    (5.386-.99) * .99/(.99+3.704) * .949                                     
Jordan         4.150                             .032    (4.187-4.15) * .866                   
Kenya           .070                                                                            
Kuwait         1.640                             .040    (1.691-1.64) * .786                   
Lebanon        2.800                             .193    (3.009-2.80) * .924                       
Libya          5.190                             .165    (5.407-5.19) * .762                       .0     5.240 religion -5.355
Mauritania     1.850                             .160    (2.274-1.85) * .377                       .094   2.260 religion-2.01  * .377
Morocco       17.840                            3.994    (26.980-17.84) * .437                    2.214   26.900 religion-21.834 * .437
Netherlands     .167                                                                            
Niger           .030                                                                            
Nigeria         .300                                                                            
Oman           1.590                             .235    (2.163-1.59) * .41                        .0     1.630 religion-1.825
Qatar           .230                             .277    (.579-.230)  * .794                       .034   .550 religion-.507 * .794
Saudi Arabia  16.990                             .559    (17.880-16.990) * .628                    .076   17.670 religion-17.549 * .628
Somalia                                          .062    (6.734-6.620) * .548                     3.649   6.720 religion -.062 * .548
Sudan         13.870                            6.559    (28.098-13.87) * .461                     .037   20.510 religion-20.429 * .461
Sweden          .067                                                       
Syria         12.710                            1.135    (14.313-12.71) * .708                     .0     12.740 religion-13.845
Tunisia        8.840                             .037    (8.896-8.84) * .653                        
Turkey          .850                                                                            
UAE             .920                            1.010    (2.195-.920) * .792                       .143   2.110 religion-1.93 * .792
USA             .410                                                                            
West Bank      1.115                                                                            
Western Sahara  .218                                                                            
Yemen         12.800                             .099    (13.058-12.80) * .385                     .054   13.040 religion-12.899 * .385
             209.780                           23.148                                            52.033
             247.370          37.590                    

Bengali                                                 
Bangladesh   117.370                            1.037    120.093-117.37 *.381
India         70.730                                      
Nepal           .020                                    
USA             .040                                    
             188.160                            1.037   
             188.679            .519
                                                        
Portuguese                                              
Andorra         .007                                    
Angola                         4.000             .819    11.558 * .417 - 4.0
Australia       .029
Brazil       151.850                            3.309    (155.822-151.85) *.833
Canada          .180                                    
Cape Verde                      .392                     
France          .670                                    
Germany         .100                                    
Guinea-Bissau   .111            .367 creole      .327    (1.073-.478) * .549
Luxembourg      .042                                    
Macau           .010                                    
Mozambique      .220                            7.085    (17.889-.220) * .401 
Paraguay        .157                                    
Portugal       9.810                             .083    (9.906-9.81) * .868
Sao Tome                        .113             .0      .131 * .542 - .113
Spain                          1.570 (Galician)           
USA             .490                                    
             163.676           6.442           11.623   
             172.709           9.033

Japanese                                                
Brazil          .750                                    
Guam            .003                                    
Hong Kong       .012                                    
Japan        124.230                            1.132    125.362-124.23 * 1.0 
N.Marianas I.   .0011                                   
USA             .490                                    
             125.4861                           1.132   
             126.052            .566
                                                        
French                      
Algeria                       13.000
Andorra         .005                            
Australia       .050                            
Bahamas                         .050 creole  
Belgium        3.310                            2.397    10.118-3.310 * 3.31/9.4  *1.0
Benin                           .810             .415    5.235 *.234 -.810
Bulgaria                        .240            
Burkina Faso                    .600            1.228    10.044 *.182 -.600
Burundi                         .540            3.769    5.799 *.743 -.540
Cameroon                       1.940            5.042    12.905 *.541 -1.94
Canada         7.300                            5.985    29.107-7.30 *7.30/25.431 *.956
Cent Afr Rep                    .350             .012    3.069 *.377 *.35/1.12 -.35
Chad                            .840             .0      6.495 *.298 *.84/2.54 -.84
Comoros         .089            .030             .016    .527-.089 * .119/.525 *.463 -.03
Congo                           .830             .786    2.856 *.566 - .830
Ivory Coast                    4.900            2.576    13.895 *.538 -4.9
Djibouti                        .050             .070    .569 *.337 * .05/.08 -.05
Dominica                        .069 creole  
Dominican Rep                   .160 creole     
Egypt                           .260            
France        54.300                            3.638    57.982 -54.3 *.988
French Guiana                   .132 creole      .011    .146-.132 *.82
Fr Polynesia    .173                             .040    .215-.173 *.95
Gabon                           .440             .251    1.139 *.607 -.44
Guadaloupe      .405                             .019    .426-.405 *.901
Guinea                          .550            
Haiti           .840           5.650 creole 
Israel          .044                            
Italy           .300                            
Jersey                          .006             .086    .0868*1.0  -.006 
Lebanon                         .710            
Luxembourg      .014                            
Madagascar                     1.400             .0      13.702 *  1.4/14.960 *.802 -1.4
Mali                            .700             .959    8.825 *.188 -.7
Martinique      .368                             .012    .381-.368 *.925
Mauritania                      .120            
Mauritius       .038            .791 creole     
Mayotte         .046                             .020    .110-.046 *.318
Monaco          .012                             .018    .0303-.012 *1.0
New Caledonia   .061                             .071    .183-.061 *.579
Niger          1.320                             .809    8.813 -1.32 * .108
Reunion                         .590 creole      .045    .647-.59 *.782
Rwanda                          .530            
St. Lucia                       .114 creole     
Senegal                         .410            
Seychelles      .001            .066 creole      .004    .0718-.067 *.842
Switzerland    1.340                            1.198    6.991-1.34  *1.34 /6.32 *1.0
Togo                            .670            
Tunisia        2.580                            
USA            1.930            .210 creole     
Vanuatu                         .050 creole  
Virgin Islands  .003                            
Zaire                          3.400             .0      43.775 *.718 * 3.4/67.4  (other lingua franca) -3.4
              74.529          41.198           29.477        
             109.866          35.337                    

Malay-Indonesian                                        
Australia       .032
Brunei          .230                             .054    .291-.230 *.882
Indonesia     23.650                          143.828    195.283-23.65 *.838
Malaysia      11.660                            6.920    19.948-11.66 *.835
Singapore       .424                             .243    2.989-.424 *.424/4.072 *.911
Thailand       2.140                                    
              38.136                          151.046        
             113.659          75.523

German                                                  
Australia       .123                                    
Austria        7.385                             .557    8.027-7.47* 1.000
Belgium         .090                             .097    10.118-.09 * .09/9.350 * 1.000
Belize          .003                                    
Brazil          .870                                    
Canada          .504                                    
Czech           .049                                    
Denmark         .009                                    
France                         1.320                   
Germany       77.440                            6.136    81.966-75.83 * 1.000
Hungary         .040                                    
Israel          .035            .114 (Yiddish)          
Italy           .300                                    
Kazakhstan      .540                                    
Liechtenstein   .027                             .004    .0305-.0269 *1.0
Luxembourg      .009            .280 (Lux'ish)   .100    .398-.009 *1.0  -.289
Paraguay        .041                                    
Poland          .500                                    
Romania         .118                                    
Russia          .350                                    
Slovakia        .005                                    
Sweden          .045                                    
Switzerland    4.445                            1.617    6.991-4.452 * 4.452/6.991 *1.0
USA            1.840
              94.768           1.714            8.511   
              99.880           5.112            
